Biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors

ABSTRACT

Recombinant microorganisms, plants, and plant cells are disclosed that have been engineered to have reduced levels or activity of one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or aldehyde reductases thereby increasing the production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and/or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/324,284, filed Feb. 8, 2019, which is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of International Application No. PCT/EP2017/070253, filed Aug. 9, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/372,356, filed Aug. 9, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/524,120, filed Jun. 23, 2017, the disclosures of each of which are explicitly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

SEQUENCE LISTING STATEMENT

A computer readable form of the Sequence Listing is filed with this application by electronic submission and is incorporated into this application by reference in its entirety. The Sequence Listing is contained in the file created on Jun. 16, 2021 having the file name “15-992-WO-US-DIV_Sequence-Listing_ST25.txt” and is 182 kb in size.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The invention disclosed herein relates generally to the field of genetic engineering. Particularly, the invention disclosed herein provides methods for biosynthetic production of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid compounds and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors in a genetically modified cell.

Description of Related Art

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a broad class of plant secondary metabolites with diverse pharmaceutical properties including, for example, analgesic, antimicrobial, antitussive, antiparasitic, cytotoxic, and anticancer properties (Hagel & Facchini, 2013, Plant Cell Physiol. 54(5); 647-672). Thousands of distinct BIAs have been identified in plants, each of which derive from a common precursor: (S)-norcoclaurine (see e.g., Hagel & Facchini, 2013, Plant Cell Physiol. 54(5); 647-672; Fossati et al., 2015, PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124459).

While BIAs are widely used in human health and nutrition, current production is achieved mainly by extraction from plants. However, extraction of these compounds from plants often provides low yields due, in part, to low levels of the metabolites within the plant cells (Nakagawa et al., 2011, Nature Communications, 2:326; DOI:10.1028/ncomms1327). Extraction of sufficient quantities of just the opiate morphine, a widely-prescribed analgesic BIA, to meet medical needs requires industrial processing of tens to hundreds of thousand tons of Papaver somniferum (opium poppy) biomass per year (Thodey and Smolke, 2014, Nat Chem Biol., 10(10):837-844). Chemical synthesis of BIAs is not a viable alternative for commercial production due to the complex regio- and stereochemistry of BIAs (see e.g., Thodey and Smolke, 2014; Hagel and Facchini, 2013).

Recently, synthesis of BIA branch point intermediate reticuline has been reported from simple carbon sources in E. coli (Nakagawa et al., 2014, Sci Rep., 4:6695) and from (R,S)-norlaudanosoline in S. cerevisiae (Hawkins and Smolke, 2008, Nat Chem Biol., 4:564-573), and production of morphine and semi-synthetic opioids from thebaine in S. cerevisiae was also recently reported (Thodey et al., 2014, Nat Chem Biol., 10:837-844). However, low yields of intermediates at the beginning of the BIA pathway and the corresponding inability to reconstitute a complete BIA pathway from a low cost substrate currently prevent BIA synthesis from being a viable microbial process (Fossati et al., 2015, PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124459). One such problem to be resolved is the extreme inefficiency in yeast of the initial conversion of dopamine and 4-HPAA (4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) (or 3,4-DHPAA (3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde) in the alternative pathway) via norcoclaurine synthase (NCS), which results in low yields of intermediate (S)-Norcoclaurine ((S)-Norlaudanosoline in the alternative pathway) (see e.g., Hawkins and Smolke, 2008, Nat Chem Biol., 4:564-573). This inefficiency has resulted in requiring fed dopamine concentrations of approximately 100 mM, or bypassing the reaction altogether in favor of using Norcoclaurine or Norlaudanosoline as the initial substrate for conversion to (S)-Reticuline (see Hawkins and Smolke, 2008, Nat Chem Biol., 4:564-573).

There is thus a need in this art to increase production of metabolic intermediates at the beginning of the BIA pathway to enable production of valuable products of the BIA pathway more efficiently and economically.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is against the above background that this invention provides certain advantages and advancements over the prior art.

Although this invention disclosed herein is not limited to specific advantages or functionality, the invention disclosed herein provides recombinant host cells capable of increased production of one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors, or both, having:

-   -   (a) reduced or eliminated enzymatic activity of a first alcohol         dehydrogenase or aldehyde reductase; and, optionally,     -   (b) reduced or eliminated enzymatic activity of one or more         second alcohol dehydrogenases or aldehyde reductases, or a         combination thereof, wherein the activity of each of the enzymes         in (a) and (b) is reduced or eliminated by having disrupted or         deleted one or more genes encoding said enzyme, and whereby the         host cell is thereby capable of increased production of one or         more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid         precursors, or both, than are produced in wild-type cell.

The invention further provides methods for producing a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor, comprising:

-   -   (a) providing a recombinant host that has reduced or eliminated         activity of (i) a first alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde         reductase and, optionally, (ii) one or more second alcohol         dehydrogenases or aldehyde reductases, or a combination thereof,         wherein the activity of each of the enzymes in (i) and (ii) is         reduced or eliminated by disrupting or deleting one or more         genes encoding said enzyme, wherein said cell has been         genetically engineered to produce a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid         and/or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor;     -   (b) cultivating said recombinant host for a time sufficient for         said recombinant host to produce a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid         and/or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor; and, optionally,     -   (c) isolating the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid and/or a         benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor from said recombinant host         or from the cultivation supernatant, thereby producing a         benzylisoquinoline alkaloid and/or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid         precursor.

In certain embodiments of the recombinant host cells or the methods disclosed herein, the cells produce one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors. Particular benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors produced in said embodiments are (S)-reticuline or (S)-norcoclaurine.

In some aspects, the first alcohol dehydrogenase is Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) (SEQ ID NOs: 29 & 30), Alcohol Dehydrogenase 4 (ADH4) (SEQ ID NOs: 31 & 32), Alcohol Dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) (SEQ ID NOs:1 & 2), Alcohol Dehydrogenase 6 (ADH6) (SEQ ID NOs: 3 & 4), Alcohol Dehydrogenase 7 (ADH7) (SEQ ID NOs: 5 & 6), Genes de Respuesta a Estres 2 (GRE2) (SEQ ID NOs: 7 & 8), Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD3) (SEQ ID NOs: 25 & 26), Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 4 (AAD4) (SEQ ID NOs: 27 & 28), Butanediol dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) (SEQ ID NOs: 35 & 36), medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase BDH2 (SEQ ID NOs: 37 & 38), arabinose dehydrogenase ARA1 (SEQ ID NOs: 61 & 62), glycerol dehydrogenase GCY1 (SEQ ID NOs: 41 & 42), 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase FOX2 (SEQ ID NOs: 39 & 40), Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase YPL088W (SEQ ID NOs: 59 & 60), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1 (SEQ ID NOs: 57 & 58), Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GPD1) (SEQ ID NOs: 45 & 46), HIS4 (SEQ ID NOs: 47 & 48), NADP-specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDP1) (SEQ ID NOs: 51 & 52), homo-isocitrate dehyrogenases (LYS12) (SEQ ID NOs: 53 & 54), or a homolog thereof.

In some aspects, the first aldehyde reductase is Aldehyde Reductase Intermediate 1 (ARI1) (SEQ ID NOs: 15 & 16), Genes de Respuesta a Estres 3 (GRE3) (SEQ ID NOs: 9 & 10), aldehyde reductase YCR102C (SEQ ID NOs: 19 & 20), aldehyde reductase YDR541C (SEQ ID NOs: 11 & 12), SER33 (SEQ ID NOs: 55 & 56), aldehyde reductase YGL039W (SEQ ID NOs: 17 & 18), aldehyde reductase YLR460C (SEQ ID NOs: 13 & 14), aldehyde reductase YPR127W (SEQ ID NOs: 21 & 22), aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 (ALD6) (SEQ ID NOs: 33 & 34), GlyOxylate Reductase (GOR1) (SEQ ID NOs: 43 & 44), 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGlutaryl-coenzyme a reductase (HMG1) (SEQ ID NOs: 49 & 50), or a homolog thereof.

In some aspects, the one or more second alcohol dehydrogenases or aldehyde reductases, or a combination thereof, is ADH3 (SEQ ID NOs: 29 & 30), ADH4 (SEQ ID NOs: 31 & 32), ADH5 (SEQ ID NOs:1 & 2), ADH6 (SEQ ID NOs: 3 & 4), ADH7 (SEQ ID NOs: 5 & 6), GRE2 (SEQ ID NOs: 7 & 8), AAD3 (SEQ ID NOs: 25 & 26), AAD4 (SEQ ID NOs: 27 & 28), BDH1(SEQ ID NOs: 35 & 36, BDH2 (SEQ ID NOs: 37 & 38), ARA1 (SEQ ID NOs: 61 & 62), GCY1 (SEQ ID NOs: 41 & 42), FOX2 (SEQ ID NOs: 39 & 40), Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase YPL088W (SEQ ID NOs: 59 & 60), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1 (SEQ ID NOs: 57 & 58), GPD1 (SEQ ID NOs: 45 & 46), HIS4 (SEQ ID NOs: 47 & 48), IDP1 (SEQ ID NOs: 51 & 52), LYS12 (SEQ ID NOs: 53 & 54), ARI1 (SEQ ID NOs: 15 & 16), GRE3 (SEQ ID NOs: 9 & 10), aldehyde reductase YCR102C (SEQ ID NOs: 19 & 20), aldehyde reductase YDR541C (SEQ ID NOs: 11 & 12), SER33 (SEQ ID NOs: 55 & 56), aldehyde reductase YGL039W (SEQ ID NOs: 17 & 18), aldehyde reductase YLR460C (SEQ ID NOs: 13 & 14), aldehyde reductase YPR127W (SEQ ID NOs: 21 & 22), ALD6 (SEQ ID NOs: 33 & 34), GOR1 (SEQ ID NOs: 43 & 44), HMG1 (SEQ ID NOs: 49 & 50), or a homolog thereof.

In some aspects of the recombinant host cell or methods disclosed herein, the recombinant host is a microorganism.

In some aspects of the recombinant host cell or methods disclosed herein, the microorganism is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Escherichia coli, or Yarrowia lipolytica.

In some aspects of the recombinant host cell or methods disclosed herein, the recombinant host is a plant, an alga, or a cell thereof.

These and other features and advantages of this invention will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the invention taken together with the accompanying claims. It is noted that the scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not by the specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in the present description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following detailed description of the embodiments of this invention can be best understood when read in conjunction with the following drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of biosynthesis of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors from L-tyrosine. FIG. 1 includes biosynthesis of (S)-Reticuline via the natural plant pathway, the alternative pathway in bacteria (with bacterial enzymes italicized and underlined), and yeast, which can utilize both the plant and bacterial pathways. Enzymatic examples (with GenBank accession numbers) and other protein abbreviations within FIG. 1 are as follows: TYDC (Tyrosine decarboxylase) of Papaver somniferum (GenBank accession nos. P54768 or U08597) or Thalictrum flavum (GenBank accession no. AF314150); TYR (Tyrosinase) of Rattus norvegicus (GenBank accession no. NM012740) or Streptomyces castaneoglobisporus (ScTYR containing tyrosinase and adaptor protein, ORF378, GenBank accession nos. AY254101 and AY254102); HPPDC (hydroxyphenylpyruvate decarboxylase) of S. cerevisiae (GenBank accession no. NP_010668.3); DODC (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) of Pseudomonas putida (GenBank accession no. AE015451); MAO (monoamine oxidase) of Micrococcus luteus (GenBank accession no. AB010716); NCS ((S)-norcoclaurine synthase) of Coptis japonica (GenBank accession no. AB267399.2) and S. cerevisiae codon-optimized (SEQ ID NOs: 23 & 24); 6OMT (Norcoclaurine 6-O-methyltransferase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. Q6WUC1) or C. japonica (GenBank accession no. D29811); SAM (S-adenosyl-L-methionine); CNMT (Coclaurine-N-methyltransferase) of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q948P7) or T. flavum (GenBank accession no. AY610508) or P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. AY217336); CYP80B (N-methylcoclaurine 3′-monooxygenase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. 064899); 4′OMT (3′-hydrozy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4′-O-methyltransferase) of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q9LEL5); STORR ((S)-to-(R)-reticuline) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. P0DKI7); SAS (salutaridine synthase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. EF451150); SAR (salutaridine reductase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. DQ316261); NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate); SAT (salutaridinol acetyl transferase) with acetyl-CoA of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. AF339913); T6ODM (thebaine 6-O-demethylase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. GQ500139); 2-OG (2-oxoglutarate); CODM (codeine 3-O-demethylase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. GQ500141); NADH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide); morA (morphine 6-dehydrogenase) of Pseudomonas putida (GenBank accession no. T2HEI8); morB (morphinone reductase) of P. putida (GenBank accession no. Q51990); COR (codeinone reductase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. AF108432); CODM (codeine 3-O-demethylase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. D4N502).

FIG. 2(A) provides results from a first part of a data set of fold-increase of norcoclaurine over the control strain (EVST25620, MATalpha his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0 [ARS/CEN/URA3/pPGK1-Cj_NCS_co-tADH1]). Norcoclaurine concentrations were measured in duplicate cultures by LC/MS in cell culture supernatants of norcoclaurine synthase expressing single gene deletion strains. Positives singe gene deletions in this dataset with an increase of norcolaurine biosynthesis of at least 10%: ΔAAD3, ΔAAD4, ΔADH3, ΔADH4, ΔADH5, ΔADH6, ΔADH7, ΔARA1, ΔARI1, ΔALD6, ΔBDH1, ΔBDH2, ΔFOX2, ΔGCY1, ΔGRE2, ΔGRE3.

FIG. 2(B) provides results from the remaining part of data set of fold increase of norcoclaurine over the control strain (EVST25620, MATalpha his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ur3Δ0 [ARS/CEN/URA3/pPGK1-Cj_NCS_co-tADH1]). Norcoclaurine concentrations were measured in duplicate cultures by LC/MS in cell culture supernatants of norcoclaurine synthase expressing single gene deletion strains and multiple deletion strains. Positives single gene deletions in this dataset with an increase of norcolaurine biosynthesis of at least 10%: ΔSER33, ΔYCR102C, ΔYDR541C, ΔYGL039W, ΔYLR460C, ΔYPL088W, ΔYPR127, ΔZWF1. Positive combinations of gene deletions in this data set: 4ΔDH6/ΔADH7/ΔADH5/ΔBGL1/ΔGRE2/ΔARI1, ΔAAD3/ΔAAD4/ΔAAD6/ΔAAD10/ΔAAD14/ΔADH6.

FIG. 3 provides the fold-increase of norcoclaurine concentration in the cell culture supernatant measured by LC/MS over the control strain (EVST25620, MATalpha his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0 [ARS/CEN/URA3/pPGK1-Cj_NCS_co-tADH1]). Norcoclaurine concentrations were measured after 72 h of cultivation in two independent experiments, average fold increase of norcoclaurine concentrations was calculated. Positive single gene deletions in this dataset with an increase of norcolaurine biosynthesis of at least 10%: ΔGOR1, ΔGPD1, ΔHIS4, ΔHMG1, ΔIDP1, ΔLYS12.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are hereby expressly incorporated by reference for all purposes.

Methods well known to those skilled in the art can be used to construct genetic expression constructs and recombinant cells according to this invention. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques, synthetic techniques, in vivo recombination techniques, and PCR techniques. See, for example, techniques as described in Maniatis et al., 1989, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York; Ausubel et al., 1989, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates and Wiley Interscience, New York, and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications (Innis et al., 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).

Before describing this invention in detail, a number of terms are defined. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to a “nucleic acid” means one or more nucleic acids.

It is noted that terms like “preferably”, “commonly”, and “typically” are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that can or cannot be utilized in a particular embodiment of this invention.

For the purposes of describing and defining this invention it is noted that the terms “reduced”, “reduction”, “increase”, “increases”, “increased”, “greater”, “higher”, and “lower” are utilized herein to represent comparisons, values, measurements, or other representations to a stated reference or control.

For the purposes of describing and defining this invention it is noted that the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that can be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation. The term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degree by which a quantitative representation can vary from a stated reference without resulting in a change in the basic function of the subject matter at issue.

As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide”, “nucleotide”, “oligonucleotide”, and “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably to refer to nucleic acid comprising DNA, RNA, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.

Synthesis of Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids

With reference to the metabolic pathway illustrated in FIG. 1, in plants, BIA synthesis proceeds through condensation of the L-tyrosine derivatives L-dopamine and 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) to produce (S)-norcoclaurine, which is catalyzed by the enzyme norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) of Coptis japonica (GenBank accession no. AB267399.2) (S. cerevisiae codon-optimized: SEQ ID NOs: 23 & 24) (see e.g., Fossati et al., 2015, PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124459; Ilari et al., J Biol Chem, 2009, 284:897-904; FIG. 1). (S)-Norcoclaurine is then converted to (S)-Coclaurine by the enzyme 6-O-methyltransferase (6-OMT) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. Q6WUC1) or C. japonica (GenBank accession no. D29811), followed by conversion of (S)-Coclaurine to (S)-N-Methylcoclaurine by (CNMT) of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q948P7) or T. flavum (GenBank accession no. AY610508) or P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. AY217336); conversion of (S)-N-Methylcoclaurine to (S)-3′-Hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine by N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase (CYP80B) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. 064899); and finally conversion of (S)-3′-Hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine to the branch point intermediate (S)-reticuline via 4′-O-methyltransferase (4′OMT) of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q9LEL5). Yeast can also utilize the pathway traditionally used by plants.

An alternative pathway to biosynthesis of (S)-Reticuline also set forth in FIG. 1 has been developed in bacteria, but which yeast are also able to utilize, in which the L-tyrosine derivatives L-dopamine and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (3,4-DHPAA) are condensed by norcoclaurine synthase (NCS) of Coptis japonica (GenBank accession no. AB267399.2) and S. cerevisiae codon-optimized (SEQ ID NOs: 23 & 24) to produce (S)-Norlaudanosoline. This alternative pathway continues to produce (S)-Reticuline via conversion of (S)-Norlaudanosoline to (S)-3′-Hydroxycoclaurine by 6-OMT of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. Q6WUC1) or C. japonica (GenBank accession no. D29811); conversion of (S)-3′-Hydroxycoclaurine to (S)-3′-Hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine by CNMT of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q948P7) or T. flavum (GenBank accession no. AY610508) or P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. AY217336); and, finally, conversion of (S)-3′-Hydroxy-N-methylcoclaurine to (S)-Reticuline by 4′OMT of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q9LEL5) (FIG. 1). In plants and microorganisms, synthesis of BIAs from the intermediate (S)-Reticuline proceeds via known enzymatic reactions (see FIG. 1).

As disclosed herein, disrupting or knocking out certain enzymes, including alcohol dehydrogenases, and/or aldehyde reductases, or similar enzymes, decreases the amount of 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) that is reduced to the byproduct 4-hydroxyphenylacetalcohol. See FIG. 1. This is of commercial importance because retention of 4-HPAA in the plant reticuline pathway, or 3,4-DHPAA in the alternative bacterial reticuline pathway improves conversion of dopamine and 4-HPAA or 3,4-DHPAA to (S)-Norcoclaurine and (S)-Norlaudanosoline, respectively, via norcoclaurine synthase (NCS).

This invention provides a recombinant host that is capable of producing increased amounts of benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) and/or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid (BIA) precursors, as disclosed herein, and does not produce, or has reduced production of, one or more alcohol dehydrogenases and/or, one or more aldehyde reductases. A recombinant host that produces or is capable of producing BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein is a host cell that expresses the necessary biosynthetic enzymes to produce BIAs and/or BIA precursor from a primary substrate, e.g., glucose, or from an intermediate molecule, e.g., L-tyrosine. See e.g., Fossati et al., 2015, PLoS ONE 10(4): e0124459; Ilari et al., J Biol Chem, 2009, 284:897-904; Hawkins and Smolke, 2008, Nat Chem Biol., 4:564-573; FIG. 1.

As used herein a recombinant host that fails to produce an enzyme, has reduced production of an enzyme, or lacks a functional enzyme, includes an organism that has been recombinantly modified such that the gene encoding the enzyme is knocked out, an organism in which the gene encoding the enzyme contains one or more mutations that reduce or diminish the activity of the enzyme compared to a wild-type organism, or an organism wherein the promoter of the gene encoding the enzyme has been modified or deleted so that the enzyme is expressed at a reduced level compared to a wild-type organism or is not expressed.

Many methods for genetic modification of target genes are known to one skilled in the art and may be used to create recombinant hosts of this invention. Modifications that may be used to reduce or eliminate expression of a target enzyme are disruptions that include, but are not limited to, deletion of the entire gene or a portion of the gene encoding an enzyme; inserting a DNA fragment into a gene encoding the enzyme (in either the promoter or coding region) so that the enzyme is not expressed or expressed at lower levels; introducing a mutation into the coding region for the enzyme, which adds a stop codon or frame shift such that a functional enzyme is not expressed; and introducing one or more mutations, including insertions and deletions, into the coding region of an enzyme to alter amino acids so that a non-functional or a less enzymatically active enzyme is expressed. In addition, expression of an enzyme can be blocked by expression of an antisense RNA or an interfering RNA, and constructs can be introduced that result in co-suppression. In addition, the synthesis or stability of the transcript can be lessened by mutation. Similarly, the efficiency by which an enzyme is translated from mRNA can be modulated by mutation. All of these methods can be readily practiced by one skilled in the art making use of the known sequences encoding the alcohol dehydrogenases and/or aldehyde reductases of this invention.

Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde reductase sequences from a variety of organisms are known in the art and selection of target gene(s) is dependent upon the host selected. Representative alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde reductase sequences, which can be targeted in accordance with this invention are listed in Table 1. One skilled in the art can choose specific modification strategies to eliminate or lower the expression of an alcohol dehydrogenase and/or aldehyde reductase as desired to facilitate production of BIAs and/or BIA precursors.

TABLE 1 Amino Acid Sequence Nucleotide Sequence SEQ SEQ ID ID Target Accession No. NO: Accession No. NO: S. cerevisiae ADH5 NP_009703  1 NM_001178493  2 S. cerevisiae ADH6 NP_014051  3 NM_001182831  4 S. cerevisiae ADH7 NP_010030  5 NM_001178812  6 S. cerevisiae GRE2 NP_014490  7 NM_001183405  8 S. cerevisiae GRE3 NP_011972  9 NM_001179234 10 S. cerevisiae YDR541C NP_010830 11 NM_001180849 12 S. cerevisiae YLR460C NP_013565 13 NM_001182348 14 S. cerevisiae ARI1 NP_011358 15 NM_001181022 16 S. cerevisiae YCR102C NP_010026 19 NM_001178809 20 S. cerevisiae YPR127W NP_015452 21 NM_001184224 22

In some aspects, the recombinant host cell disclosed herein has reduced or zero activity of a first alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde reductase and, optionally, reduced or zero activity of one or more second alcohol dehydrogenases, one or more aldehyde dehyrogenases, or a combination thereof, wherein the activity of each of the alcohol dehydrogenases or aldehyde reductases is reduced or eliminated by having disrupted or deleted one or more genes encoding the enzyme, and whereby the host cell is capable of increased production of one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors, or both, than are produced in wild-type cell capable of producing one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors.

In some aspects, a first alcohol dehydrogenase is ADH6 or a homolog thereof, e.g., CAD9, CAD3 or CAD2 from A. thaliana. In some aspects, one or more second alcohol dehydrogenases are ADH7, GRE2 (Genes de Respuesta a Estres 2), or a homolog thereof, e.g., AT1G51410 or AT5G19440; and the aldehyde reductase is ARI1 (Aldehyde Reductase Intermediate 1), Aldehyde Reductase YGL039W, or a homolog thereof, e.g., SPAC513.07 or YDR541C).

DNA sequences surrounding one or more of the above-referenced sequences are also useful in some modification procedures and are available for yeasts such as for Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the complete genome sequence coordinated by NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) with identifying BioProject Nos. PRJNA128, PRJNA13838, PRJNA43747, PRJNA48559, PRJNA52955, PRJNA48569, PRJNA39317. Additional examples of yeast genomic sequences include that of Schizosaccharomyces pombe, which is included in BioProject Nos. PRJNA127, PRJNA13836, and PRJNA20755. Genomic sequences of plants are also known in the art and the genomic sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana is included in BioProject Nos. PRJNA116, PRJNA10719, PRJNA13190, and PRJNA30811. Other genomic sequences can be readily found by one of skill in the art in publicly available databases.

In particular, DNA sequences surrounding an alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde reductase coding sequence are useful for modification methods using homologous recombination. For example, sequences flanking the gene of interest are placed on either side of a selectable marker gene to mediate homologous recombination whereby the marker gene replaces the gene of interest. Also partial gene sequences and flanking sequences bounding a selectable marker gene may be used to mediate homologous recombination whereby the marker gene replaces a portion of the target gene. In addition, the selectable marker may be bounded by site-specific recombination sites, so that following expression of the corresponding site-specific recombinase, the resistance gene is excised from the gene of interest without reactivating the latter. The site-specific recombination leaves behind a recombination site which disrupts expression of the alcohol dehydrogenase or aldehyde reductase. A homologous recombination vector can be constructed to also leave a deletion in the gene of interest following excision of the selectable marker, as is well known to one skilled in the art.

Deletions can be made using mitotic recombination as described in Wach et al. (1994, Yeast 10:1793-1808). This method involves preparing a DNA fragment that contains a selectable marker between genomic regions that may be as short as 20 bp, and which bind a target DNA sequence. This DNA fragment can be prepared by PCR amplification of the selectable marker gene using as primers oligonucleotides that hybridize to the ends of the marker gene and that include the genomic regions that can recombine with the yeast genome. The linear DNA fragment can be efficiently transformed into yeast and recombined into the genome resulting in gene replacement including with deletion of the target DNA sequence.

Moreover, promoter replacement methods may be used to change endogenous transcriptional control elements allowing another means to modulate expression such as described in Mnaimneh et al. (2004, Cell 118:31-44).

Hosts cells of use in this invention include any organism capable of producing BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein, either naturally or synthetically, e.g., by recombinant expression of one or more genes of the BIA biosynthetic pathway (FIG. 1). A number of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are suitable for use in constructing the recombinant microorganisms described herein, e.g., gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria, yeast or other fungi. A species and strain selected for use as a BIA and/or BIA precursor production strain is first analyzed to determine which production genes are endogenous to the strain and which genes are not present. Genes for which an endogenous counterpart is not present in the strain are assembled in one or more recombinant constructs, which are then transformed into the strain in order to supply the missing function(s).

Exemplary prokaryotic and eukaryotic species are described in more detail below. However, it will be appreciated that other species may be suitable. For example, suitable species may be in a genus Agaricus, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida, Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Fusarium/Gibberella, Kluyveromyces, Laetiporus, Lentinus, Phaffia, Phanerochaete, Pichia, Physcomitrella, Rhodoturula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sphaceloma, Xanthophyllomyces, Yarrowia and Lactobacillus. Exemplary species from such genera include Lentinus tigrinus, Laetiporus sulphureus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pichia pastoris, Physcomitrella patens, Rhodoturula glutinis 32, Rhodoturula mucilaginosa, Phaffia rhodozyma UBV-AX, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Fusarium fujikuroi/Gibberella fujikuroi, Candida utilis and Yarrowia lipolytica. In some aspects, a microorganism can be an Ascomycete such as Gibberella fujikuroi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Aspergillus niger, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some aspects, a microorganism can be a prokaryote such as Escherichia coli, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, or Rhodobacter capsulatus. It will be appreciated that certain microorganisms can be used to screen and test genes of interest in a high throughput manner, while other microorganisms with desired productivity or growth characteristics can be used for large-scale production of BIAs and/or BIA precursors.

In some aspects, the recombinant host used with this invention is S. cerevisiae, which can be genetically engineered as described herein. S. cerevisiae is a widely used organism in synthetic biology, and can be used as the recombinant microorganism platform herein. There are libraries of mutants, plasmids, detailed computer models of metabolism and other information available for S. cerevisiae, permitting rational design of various modules to enhance product yield. Methods are known for making recombinant microorganisms. In some aspects, the S. cerevisiae strain is S288C (Mortimer and Johnston, 1986, Genetics 113:35-43).

Aspergillus species such as A. oryzae, A. niger and A. sojae are widely used microorganisms in food production, and can also be used as the recombinant microorganism platform. Thus, the recombinant host may be Aspergillus spp. Nucleotide sequences are available for genomes of A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, A. clavatus, A. flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus, allowing rational design and modification of endogenous pathways to enhance flux and increase product yield. Metabolic models have been developed for Aspergillus, as well as transcriptomic studies and proteomics studies.

E. coli, another widely used platform organism in synthetic biology, can also be used as the recombinant microorganism platform. Similar to Saccharomyces, there are libraries of mutants, plasmids, detailed computer models of metabolism and other information available for E. coli, allowing for rational design of various modules to enhance product yield. Methods similar to those described above for Saccharomyces can be used to make recombinant E. coli microorganisms.

Rhodobacter can be used as the recombinant microorganism platform. Similar to E. coli, there are libraries of mutants available as well as suitable plasmid vectors, allowing for rational design of various modules to enhance product yield. Methods similar to those described above for E. coli can be used to make recombinant Rhodobacter microorganisms.

Physcomitrella mosses, when grown in suspension culture, have characteristics similar to yeast or other fungal cultures. These genera are becoming an important type of cell for production of plant secondary metabolites, which can be difficult to produce in other types of cells. Thus, the recombinant host may be a Physcomitrella spp.

In some aspects, the recombinant host is a plant or plant cells that includes a sufficient number of genes from the BIA biosynthetic pathway set forth in FIG. 1 to produce one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors, or both. As disclosed herein, a plant or plant cell modified to express the BIA biosynthetic pathway can also contain a knockout of one or more alcohol dehydrogenases and/or aldehyde reductases to advantageously increase the yield thereof. Plant or plant cells can be stably transformed to retain the introduced nucleic acid with each cell division. A plant or plant cell can also be transiently transformed such that the heterologous nucleic acid is not integrated into its genome. Transiently transformed cells typically lose all or some portion of the introduced nucleic acid with each cell division such that the introduced nucleic acid cannot be detected in daughter cells after a sufficient number of cell divisions. Both transiently transformed and stably transformed transgenic plants and plant cells can be useful in the methods described herein.

Transgenic plant cells used in methods described herein can constitute part or all of a whole plant. Such plants can be grown in a manner suitable for the species under consideration, either in a growth chamber, a greenhouse, or in a field. Transgenic plants can be bred as desired for a particular purpose, e.g., to introduce a heterologous nucleic acid, for example a recombinant nucleic acid construct into other lines, to transfer a heterologous nucleic acid to other species, or for further selection of other desirable traits. Alternatively, transgenic plants can be propagated vegetatively for those species amenable to such techniques. As used herein, a transgenic plant also refers to progeny of an initial transgenic plant provided the progeny inherits the transgene. Seeds produced by a transgenic plant can be grown and then selfed (or outcrossed and selfed) to obtain seeds homozygous for the nucleic acid construct.

Certain transgenic plants or plant cells can be grown in suspension culture. For the purposes of this invention, solid and/or liquid culture techniques can be used. When using solid medium, transgenic plant cells can be placed directly onto the medium or can be placed onto a filter that is then placed in contact with the medium. When using liquid medium, transgenic plant cells can be placed onto a flotation device, e.g., a porous membrane that contacts the liquid medium.

When transiently transformed plant cells are used, a reporter sequence encoding a reporter polypeptide having a reporter activity can be included in the transformation procedure and an assay for reporter activity or expression can be performed at a suitable time after transformation. A suitable time for conducting the assay typically is about 1-21 days after transformation, e.g., about 1-14 days, about 1-7 days, or about 1-3 days. The use of transient assays is particularly convenient for rapid analysis in different species, or to confirm expression of a heterologous polypeptide whose expression has not previously been confirmed in particular recipient cells.

Techniques for introducing nucleic acids into monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants are known in the art, and include, without limitation, Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, viral vector-mediated transformation, electroporation and particle gun transformation; see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,538,880; 5,204,253; 6,329,571; and 6,013,863. If a cell or cultured tissue is used as the recipient tissue for transformation, plants can be regenerated from transformed cultures if desired, by techniques known to those skilled in the art.

A population of transgenic plants can be screened and/or selected for those members of the population that have a trait or phenotype conferred by expression of the transgene. For example, a population of progeny of a single transformation event can be screened for those plants having a desired level of expression of a polypeptide or nucleic acid described herein. Physical and biochemical methods can be used to identify expression levels. These include Southern analysis or PCR amplification for detection of a polynucleotide; northern blots, S1 RNase protection, primer-extension, or RT-PCR amplification for detecting RNA transcripts; enzymatic assays for detecting enzyme or ribozyme activity of polypeptides and polynucleotides; and protein gel electrophoresis, western blots, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunoassays to detect polypeptides. Other techniques such as in situ hybridization, enzyme staining, and immunostaining also can be used to detect the presence or expression of polypeptides and/or nucleic acids. Methods for performing all of the referenced techniques are known.

As an alternative, a population of plants with independent transformation events can be screened for those plants having a desired trait, such as production of BIAs and/or BIA precursors, and/or lack of conversion of 4-HPAA and/or 3,4-DHPAA to 4-hydroxyphenylacetalcohol and 3,4-Di hydroxyphenylacetalcohol, respectively. Selection and/or screening can be carried out over one or more generations, and/or in more than one geographic location. In some cases, transgenic plants can be grown and selected under conditions which induce a desired phenotype or are otherwise necessary to produce a desired phenotype in a transgenic plant. In addition, selection and/or screening can be applied during a particular developmental stage in which the phenotype is expected to be exhibited by the plant.

Depending on the particular organism used in this invention, the recombinant host cell can naturally or recombinantly express genes encoding a 6-OMT (6-O-methyltransferase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. Q6WUC1) or C. japonica (GenBank accession no. D29811), CNMT (Coclaurine N-methyltransferase) of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q948P7) or T. flavum (GenBank accession no. AY610508) or P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. AY217336), CYP80B (N-methylcoclaurine 3′-hydroxylase) of P. somniferum (GenBank accession no. 064899), or 4′OMT (4′-O-methyltransferase) of C. japonica (GenBank accession no. Q9LEL5) (FIG. 1).

As used herein, “recombinant expression” means that the genome of a host cell has been augmented through the introduction of one or more recombinant genes, which include regulatory sequences that facilitate the transcription and translation of a protein of interest. While embodiments include stable introduction of recombinant genes into the host genome, autonomous or replicative plasmids or vectors can also be used within the scope of this invention. Moreover, this invention can be practiced using a low copy number, e.g., a single copy, or high copy number (as exemplified herein) plasmid or vector.

Generally, the introduced recombinant gene is not originally resident in the host that is the recipient of the recombinant gene, but it is within the scope of the invention to isolate a DNA segment from a given host, and to subsequently introduce one or more additional copies of that DNA into the same host, e.g., to enhance production of the product of a gene or alter the expression pattern of a gene. In some instances, the introduced DNA will modify or even replace an endogenous gene or DNA sequence by, e.g., homologous recombination or site-directed mutagenesis. Suitable recombinant hosts include microorganisms, plant cells, and plants.

The term “recombinant gene” refers to a gene or DNA sequence that is introduced into a recipient host, regardless of whether the same or a similar gene or DNA sequence may already be present in such a host. “Introduced,” or “augmented” in this context, is known in the art to mean introduced or augmented by the hand of man. Thus, a recombinant gene may be a DNA sequence from another species, or may be a DNA sequence that originated from or is present in the same species, but has been incorporated into a host by recombinant methods to form a recombinant host. It will be appreciated that a recombinant gene that is introduced into a host can be identical to a DNA sequence that is normally present in the host being transformed, and is introduced to provide one or more additional copies of the DNA to thereby permit overexpression or modified expression of the gene product of that DNA.

A recombinant gene encoding a polypeptide described herein includes the coding sequence for that polypeptide, operably linked, in sense orientation, to one or more regulatory regions suitable for expressing the polypeptide. Because many microorganisms are capable of expressing multiple gene products from a polycistronic mRNA, multiple polypeptides can be expressed under the control of a single regulatory region for those microorganisms, if desired. A coding sequence and a regulatory region are considered to be operably linked when the regulatory region and coding sequence are positioned so that the regulatory region is effective for regulating transcription or translation of the sequence. Typically, the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the coding sequence is positioned between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the regulatory region for a monocistronic gene.

In many cases, the coding sequence for a polypeptide described herein is identified in a species other than the recombinant host, i.e., is a heterologous nucleic acid. The term “heterologous nucleic acid” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid introduced into a recombinant host, wherein said nucleic acid is not naturally present in said host or members of the host species. Thus, if the recombinant host is a microorganism, the coding sequence can be from other prokaryotic or eukaryotic microorganisms, from plants or from animals. In some case, however, the coding sequence is a sequence that is native to the host and is being reintroduced into that organism. A native sequence can often be distinguished from the naturally occurring sequence by the presence of non-natural sequences linked to the exogenous nucleic acid, e.g., non-native regulatory sequences flanking a native sequence in a recombinant nucleic acid construct. In addition, stably transformed exogenous nucleic acids typically are integrated at positions other than the position where the native sequence is found.

“Regulatory region” refers to a nucleic acid having nucleotide sequences that influence transcription or translation initiation and rate, and stability and/or mobility of a transcription or translation product. Regulatory regions include, without limitation, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements, protein binding sequences, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs), transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylation sequences, introns, and combinations thereof. A regulatory region typically includes at least a core (basal) promoter. A regulatory region also may include at least one control element, such as an enhancer sequence, an upstream element or an upstream activation region (UAR). A regulatory region is operably linked to a coding sequence by positioning the regulatory region and the coding sequence so that the regulatory region is effective for regulating transcription or translation of the sequence. For example, to operably link a coding sequence and a promoter sequence, the translation initiation site of the translational reading frame of the coding sequence is typically positioned between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of the promoter. A regulatory region can, however, be positioned as much as about 5,000 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation site, or about 2,000 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site.

The choice of regulatory regions to be included depends upon several factors, including, but not limited to, efficiency, selectability, inducibility, desired expression level, and preferential expression during certain culture stages. It is a routine matter for one of skill in the art to modulate the expression of a coding sequence by appropriately selecting and positioning regulatory regions relative to the coding sequence. It will be understood that more than one regulatory region may be present, e.g., introns, enhancers, upstream activation regions, transcription terminators, and inducible elements.

One or more genes, for example one or more heterologous nucleic acids, can be combined in a recombinant nucleic acid construct in “modules” useful for a discrete aspect of BIA and/or BIA precursor production. Combining a plurality of genes or heterologous nucleic acids in a module facilitates the use of the module in a variety of species. For example, a BIA and/or BIA precursor gene cluster can be combined such that each coding sequence is operably linked to a separate regulatory region, to form a BIA and/or BIA precursor module for production in eukaryotic organisms. Alternatively, the module can express a polycistronic message for production of BIAs and/or BIA precursors in prokaryotic hosts such as species of Rodobacter, E. coli, Bacillus or Lactobacillus. In addition to genes useful for production of BIAs and/or BIA precursors, a recombinant construct typically also contains an origin of replication, and one or more selectable markers for maintenance of the construct in appropriate species.

It will be appreciated that because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, a number of nucleic acids can encode a particular polypeptide; i.e., for many amino acids, there is more than one nucleotide triplet that serves as the codon for the amino acid. Thus, codons in the coding sequence for a given polypeptide can be modified such that optimal expression in a particular host is obtained, using appropriate codon bias tables for that host (e.g., microorganism). As isolated nucleic acids, these modified sequences can exist as purified molecules and can be incorporated into a vector or a virus for use in constructing modules for recombinant nucleic acid constructs.

Functional Homologs

Functional homologs of the polypeptides described herein are also suitable for use in producing benzylisoquinoline alkaloid compounds and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors in a recombinant host. A functional homolog is a polypeptide that has sequence similarity to a reference polypeptide, and that carries out one or more of the biochemical or physiological function(s) of the reference polypeptide. A functional homolog and the reference polypeptide can be a naturally occurring polypeptide, and the sequence similarity can be due to convergent or divergent evolutionary events. As such, functional homologs are sometimes designated in the literature as homologs or orthologs. Variants of a naturally occurring functional homolog, such as polypeptides encoded by mutants of a wild type coding sequence, can themselves be functional homologs. Functional homologs can also be created via site-directed mutagenesis of the coding sequence for a polypeptide, or by combining domains from the coding sequences for different naturally-occurring polypeptides (“domain swapping”). Techniques for modifying genes encoding functional polypeptides described herein are known and include, inter alia, directed evolution techniques, site-directed mutagenesis techniques and random mutagenesis techniques, and can be useful to increase specific activity of a polypeptide, alter substrate specificity, alter expression levels, alter subcellular location, or modify polypeptide-polypeptide interactions in a desired manner. Such modified polypeptides are considered functional homologs. The term “functional homolog” is sometimes applied to the nucleic acid that encodes a functionally homologous polypeptide.

Functional homologs can be identified by analysis of nucleotide and polypeptide sequence alignments. For example, performing a query on a database of nucleotide or polypeptide sequences can identify homologs of benzylisoquinoline alkaloid compounds and benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors. Amino acid sequence similarity allows for conservative amino acid substitutions, such as inter alia substitution of one hydrophobic residue for another or substitution of one polar residue for another. If desired, manual inspection of such candidates can be carried out in order to narrow the number of candidates to be further evaluated.

Typically, polypeptides that exhibit at least about 40% amino acid sequence identity are useful to identify conserved regions. Conserved regions of related polypeptides exhibit at least 45% amino acid sequence identity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, or at least 90% amino acid sequence identity). In some embodiments, a conserved region exhibits at least 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 99% amino acid sequence identity.

A candidate sequence typically has a length that is from 80% to 200% of the length of the reference sequence, e.g., 82, 85, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, or 200% of the length of the reference sequence. A functional homolog polypeptide typically has a length that is from 95% to 125% of the length of the reference sequence, e.g., 90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 110, 115, or 120% of the length of the reference sequence, or any range between. A % identity for any candidate nucleic acid or polypeptide relative to a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide can be determined as follows. A reference sequence (e.g., a nucleic acid sequence or an amino acid sequence described herein) is aligned to one or more candidate sequences using the computer program ClustalW (version 1.83, default parameters), which allows alignments of nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences to be carried out across their entire length (global alignment). See, Chenna et al., 2003, Nucleic Acids Res. 31(13):3497-500.

ClustalW calculates the best match between a reference and one or more candidate sequences, and aligns them so that identities, similarities and differences can be determined. Gaps of one or more residues can be inserted into a reference sequence, a candidate sequence, or both, to maximize sequence alignments. For fast pairwise alignment of nucleic acid sequences, the following default parameters are used: word size: 2; window size: 4; scoring method: % age; number of top diagonals: 4; and gap penalty: 5. For multiple alignment of nucleic acid sequences, the following parameters are used: gap opening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 5.0; and weight transitions: yes. For fast pairwise alignment of protein sequences, the following parameters are used: word size: 1; window size: 5; scoring method:% age; number of top diagonals: 5; gap penalty: 3. For multiple alignment of protein sequences, the following parameters are used: weight matrix: blosum; gap opening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 0.05; hydrophilic gaps: on; hydrophilic residues: Gly, Pro, Ser, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Arg, and Lys; residue-specific gap penalties: on. The ClustalW output is a sequence alignment that reflects the relationship between sequences. ClustalW can be run, for example, at the Baylor College of Medicine Search Launcher site on the World Wide Web (searchlauncher.bcm.tmc.edu/multi-align/multi-align.html) and at the European Bioinformatics Institute site on the World Wide Web (ebi.ac.uk/clustalw).

To determine %-identity of a candidate nucleic acid or amino acid sequence to a reference sequence, the sequences are aligned using ClustalW, the number of identical matches in the alignment is divided by the length of the reference sequence, and the result is multiplied by 100. It is noted that the % identity value can be rounded to the nearest tenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13, and 78.14 are rounded down to 78.1, while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 are rounded up to 78.2.

To demonstrate expression and activity of one or more of the above-referenced enzymes expressed by the recombinant host, levels of products, substrates and intermediates, e.g., 4-HPAA, 3,4-DHPAA, (S)-Norcoclaurine, (S)-Norlaudanosoline, L-Tyrosine, Dopamine, and/or benzylisoquinoline alkaloids produced by the recombinant host can be determined by extracting samples from culture media for analysis according to published methods.

Recombinant hosts described herein can be used in methods to produce BIAs and/or BIA precursors. For example, if the recombinant host is a microorganism, the method can include growing a recombinant microorganism genetically engineered to produce BIAs and/or BIA precursors in a culture medium under conditions in which biosynthesis genes for BIAs and/or BIA precursors are expressed. The recombinant microorganism may be grown in a batch, fed batch or continuous process or combinations thereof. Typically, the recombinant microorganism is grown in a fermenter at a defined temperature(s) in the presence of a suitable nutrient source, e.g., a carbon source, for a desired period of time to produce a desired amount of BIAs and/or BIA precursors.

Therefore, this invention also provides an improved method for producing BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein by providing a recombinant host that produces BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein and has reduced production or activity of at least one alcohol dehydrogenase, at least one aldehyde reductase, or at least one alcohol dehydrogenase and at least one aldehyde reductase; cultivating said recombinant host, e.g., in the presence of a suitable carbon source, for a time sufficient for said recombinant host to produce BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein; and isolating BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein from said recombinant host or from the cultivation supernatant. In some aspects, the recombinant host produces a reduced amount of 4-hydroxyphenylacetalcohol or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetalcohol in comparison to a host that expresses the one or more functional alcohol dehydrogenases or one or more aldehyde reductases.

The level of 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (4-HPAA) and 4-hydroxyphenylacetalcohol, and/or 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (3,4-DHPAA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetalcohol may be determined by any suitable method useful for detecting these compounds. Such methods include, for example, HPLC. Similarly, the level of a specific BIA and/or BIA precursor, such as but not limited to, Dopamine, 4-HPAA, 3,4-DHPAA, (S)-Norcoclaurine, (S)-Norlaudanosoline, and (S)-Reticuline may be determined using any suitable method useful for detecting these compounds. Such methods include, for example, HPLC.

Carbon sources of use in the method of this invention include any molecule that can be metabolized by a suitably modified recombinant host cell to facilitate growth and/or production of BIAs and/or BIA precursors as disclosed herein. Examples of suitable carbon sources include, but are not limited to, sucrose (e.g., as found in molasses), fructose, xylose, ethanol, glycerol, glucose, cellulose, starch, cellobiose or other glucose containing polymer. In embodiments employing yeast as a host, for example, carbons sources such as sucrose, fructose, xylose, ethanol, glycerol, and glucose are suitable. The carbon source can be provided to the host organism throughout the cultivation period or alternatively, the organism can be grown for a period of time in the presence of another energy source, e.g., protein, and then provided with a source of carbon only during the fed-batch phase.

After a suitably modified recombinant host has been grown in culture for the desired period of time, BIAs and/or BIA precursors can then be recovered from the culture using various techniques known in the art, e.g., isolation and purification by extraction, vacuum distillation and multi-stage re-crystallization from aqueous solutions and ultrafiltration (Böddeker, et al. (1997) J. Membrane Sci. 137:155-158; Borges da Silva, et al. (2009) Chem. Eng. Des. 87:1276-1292). If the recombinant host is a plant or plant cells, BIAs and/or BIA precursors can be extracted from the plant tissue using various techniques known in the art.

In some embodiments, BIAs and/or BIA precursors can be produced using suitably modified whole cells that are fed raw materials that contain precursor molecules. The raw materials may be fed during cell growth or after cell growth. The whole cells may be in suspension or immobilized. The whole cells may be in fermentation broth or in a reaction buffer. In some embodiments a permeabilizing agent may be required for efficient transfer of substrate into the cells.

In some aspects, a BIA and/or BIA precursor is isolated and purified to homogeneity (e.g., at least 90%, 92%, 94%, 96%, or 98% pure). In some aspects, the BIA and/or BIA precursor is isolated as an extract from a suitably modified recombinant host. In this respect, BIA and/or BIA precursor may be isolated, but not necessarily purified to homogeneity. Desirably, the amount of BIA and/or BIA precursor produced can be from about 1 mg/I to about 20,000 mg/L or higher. For example about 1 to about 100 mg/L, about 30 to about 100 mg/L, about 50 to about 200 mg/L, about 100 to about 500 mg/L, about 100 to about 1,000 mg/L, about 250 to about 5,000 mg/L, about 1,000 to about 15,000 mg/L, or about 2,000 to about 10,000 mg/L of BIA and/or BIA precursor can be produced. In general, longer culture times will lead to greater amounts of product. Thus, the recombinant microorganism can be cultured for from 1 day to 7 days, from 1 day to 5 days, from 3 days to 5 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or about 5 days.

It will be appreciated that the various genes and modules discussed herein can be present in two or more recombinant microorganisms rather than a single microorganism. When a plurality of suitably modified recombinant microorganisms is used, they can be grown in a mixed culture to produce BIAs and/or BIA precursors.

Extracts of isolated, and optionally purified, BIAs and/or BIA precursors find use in a wide variety of pharmaceutical compositions.

The invention is further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Identification of Gene Candidates

Gene candidates shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B were identified in the S. cerevisiae genome either by annotated information on alcohol- and/or aldehyde dehydrogenases in the Saccharomyces Genome Database (http://www.yeastgenome.org/) or by sequence homology searches against the S. cerevisiae genome. In addition, all RefSeq Protein sequences were downloaded from NCBI on Nov. 13, 2015 (totally 5915 Sequences). Those sequences were scanned with PRIAM (Claudel-Renard et al. 2003, Nucleic Acids Res. 31(22):6633-39) for hits to EC 1.1.1 in order to identify further candidates (FIG. 3). Seventy-two single gene deletions (generated as described in Example 2) were tested and list of the single gene deletions which were shown to work is presented in Table 2 and gene combinations are shown in Table 3.

TABLE 2 Single gene deletions shown to increase norcoclaurine biosynthesis. Standard Systematic Strain Name Name number Annotation AAD3 YCR107W EVST25702 Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase AAD4 YDL243C EVST25704 Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase ADH3 YMR083W EVST25572 Mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme III ADH4 YGL256W EVST25573 Alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme type IV ADH5 YBR145W EVST25574 Alcohol dehydrogenase isoenzyme V ADH6 YMR318C EVST25575 NADPH-dependent medium chain alcohol dehydrogenase ADH7 YCR105W EVST25576 NADPH-dependent medium chain alcohol dehydrogenase ALD6 YPL061W/ EVST25611 Cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenase ARA1 YBR149W EVST25591 NADP+ dependent arabinose dehydrogenase ARI1 YGL157W EVST25577 NADPH-dependent aldehyde reductase BDH1 YAL060W EVST25586 NAD-dependent (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase BDH2 YAL061W EVST25587 Putative medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase with similarity to BDH1 FOX2 YKR009C EVST25593 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase GCY1 YOR120W EVST25594 Glycerol dehydrogenase GOR1 YNL274C EVST27673 Glyoxylate reductase GPD1 YDL022W EVST27687 NAD-dependent glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase GRE2 YOL151W EVST25578 3-methylbutanal reductase and NADPH-dependent methylglyoxal reductase GRE3 YHR104W EVST25579 Aldose reductase HIS4 YCL030C EVST27654 Multifunctional enzyme containing phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase, phosphoribosyl- AMP cyclohydrolase, and histidinol dehydrogenase activities HMG1 YML075C EVST27685 HMG-CoA reductase IDP1 YDL066W EVST27690 Mitochondrial NADP-specific isocitrate dehydrogenase LYS12 YIL094C EVST27692 Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase SER33 YIL074C EVST25600 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate reductase ZWF1 YNL241C EVST25705 Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase YCR102C EVST25581 Putative protein of unknown function YDR541C EVST25582 Aldehyde reductase YGL039W EVST25583 Aldehyde reductase YLR460C EVST25584 Member of the quinone oxidoreductase family YPL088W EVST25701 Putative aryl alcohol dehydrogenase YPR127W EVST25698 Putative pyridoxine 4- dehydrogenase

TABLE 3 Multiple Gene Deletions tested for increase of norcoclaurine biosynthesis. Standard Name Systematic Name Strain Annotation ADH6/ADH7/ YMR318C/ EVST25619 Combination of alcohol ADH5/EXG1/ YCR105W/ dehydrogenases and GRE2/ARI1 YBR145W/ aldehyde reductases YLR300W/ YOL151W/ YGL157W AAD3/AAD4/ YCR107W/ EVST25618 Combination of putative AAD6/AAD10/ YDL243C/ aryl-alcohol AAD14/ADH6 YFL056C/ dehydrogenases with YJR155W/ alcohol dehydrogenase YNL331C

Example 2: Construction and Cultivation of Assay Strains

All single gene deletion strains were constructed from the Yeast MATalpha Collection YSC1054 (GE Dharmacon) which is based on the strain BY4742 with the genotype MAT alpha his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0 (GenBank accession no. JRIR00000000). Deletion strains were generated using homologous recombination methods, by deletion of the respective target gene, as identified for each strain in Table 2. As an indirect measure for 4-hydroyxphenyl acetaldehyde (4-HPAA), strains overexpressing norcoclaurine synthase from a plasmid were generated. Control strain EVST25620 (MAT alpha his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0 [ARS/CEN/URA3/pPGK1-Cj_NCS_co-tADH1]) was prepared accordingly in the BY4742 background, as described above, that did not carry any additional deletions.

Multiple deletion strains EVST25618 and EVST25619 were constructed from the previously described strain YSC1054 (based on strain BY4742; genotype MAT alpha his3Δ1 leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0). Deletion strains were generated using homologous recombination methods, with sequential deletion of either the genes: (1) AAD3, AAD4, AAD6, (Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 6; YFL056C), AAD10 (Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase 10), AAD14 (Putative aryl-alcohol dehydrogenase), ADH6; or (2) ADH6, ADH7, ADH5, EXG1 (EXo-1,3-beta-Glucanase), GRE2, ARI1, respectively.

Coptis japonica norcoclaurine synthase (GenBank accession number AB267399.2) was codon optimized for S. cerevisiae (SEQ ID NOs: 23 & 24) and synthesized de novo (GeneArt). An open reading frame flanked by HindIII and SacII restriction enzyme recognition sites was cloned into HindIII/SacII linearized vector backbone pEVE2120 (SEQ ID NO: 63) resulting in plasmid pEV27735 (SEQ ID NO: 64). Clones were verified by sequencing, and the yeast single deletion mutant strains, as well as the non-deleted control strain, were transformed with plasmid pEV27735 (SEQ ID NO: 64). Single clones grown on selective SC-agar plates lacking uracil were singled out on selective SC-agar plates. One single clone in duplicates was used to inoculate 500 μl SC minus uracil selective media, supplemented with 1 mM tyrosine and 9.8 mM dopamine, in single wells of 96-deep well plates. Cultures were grown for 72 h at 30° C. with shaking at 300 rpm. Optical density of the cultures was measured at 600 nm either by a standard method using a spectrophotometer or a plate reader. For analysis of norcoclaurine biosynthesis the plates were centrifuged for 5 min at 3000 rpm and 100 μl of the supernatant were withdrawn.

TABLE 4 Average absorption values (OD₆₀₀) of duplicate cultures after cultivation time of 72 h measured with a standard spectrophotometer. Gene deletion Average OD₆₀₀ ΔAAD3 12.3 ΔAAD4 12.5 ΔADH3 12.0 ΔADH4 12.8 ΔADH5 13.3 ΔADH6 13.0 ΔADH7 12.3 ΔALD6 13.8 ΔARA1 12.8 ΔARI1 13.0 ΔBDH1 11.8 ΔBDH2 13.8 ΔFOX2 13.8 ΔGCY1 11.5 ΔGRE2 13.5 ΔGRE3 12.3 control (BY4742) 13.3

TABLE 5 Average absorption values (OD₆₀₀) of duplicate cultures after cultivation time of 72 h measured with a standard spectrophotometer. Gene deletion Average final OD₆₀₀ ΔYGL039W 11.8 ΔYLR460C 13.5 ΔYPL088W 11.8 ΔSER33 12.3 ΔYPR127W  8.9 ΔZWF1 13.0 ΔYCR102C 15.3 ΔADH6/ΔADH7/ΔADH5Δ/EXG1/ΔGRE2/ΔARI1 14.3 ΔAAD3/ΔAAD4/ΔAAD6/ΔAAD10/ΔAAD14/  6.0 ΔADH6 control (BY4742) 13.3

TABLE 6 Absorption values (OD₆₀₀) of cultures of one of the two independent experiments carried out in this study after a cultivation time of 72 h measured with a standard plate reader. Genotype Absorption ΔGOR1 6.1 ΔGPD1 9.7 ΔLYS12 5.5 ΔHIS4 5.2 ΔHMG1 5.7 ΔIDP1 6.0 control BY4742) 5.2

Example 3: Measurement of Norcoclaurine in Cell Culture Media

Norcoclaurine analysis was carried out on an Acquity UPLC-SQD apparatus (Waters) equipped with an Acquity BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×100 mm reverse phase column (Waters) kept at 35° C. 5 μl of culture supernatant were loaded onto the column and separated using a gradient from 2% Solvent B to 30% Solvent B in 5 min, then washed with 100% Solvent B for 1 minute and reconditioned at 2% Solvent B for another minute. Solvent A consisted of water with 0.1% formic acid and Solvent B consisted of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid. The flow rate was 0.4 ml/min. Norcoclaurine was quantified by single ion monitoring of m/z 272 [M+H]⁺ at 2.42 min and a calibration curve prepared in culture medium covering the concentration range of 78 μg/L to 10 mg/L.

Norcoclaurine concentrations were normalized to the optical density (OD₆₀₀) of the cultures after cultivation (72 h), and fold increase of norcoclaurine concentrations were calculated from the normalized results. The control strain (EVST25620, MATalpha his3Δ1 Leu2Δ0 lys2Δ0 ura3Δ0 [ARS/CEN/URA3/pPGK1-Cj_NCS_co-tADH1]) was set at a fold increase of 1.0. Positives singe gene deletions with an increase of norcolaurine biosynthesis of at least 10% were shown for: ΔAAD3, ΔAAD4, ΔADH3, ΔADH4, ΔADH5, ΔADH6, ΔADH7, ΔARA1, ΔARI1, ΔALD6, ΔBDH1, ΔBDH2, ΔFOX2, ΔGCY1, ΔGRE2, ΔGRE3, ΔSER33, ΔYCR102C, ΔYDR541C, ΔYGL039W, ΔYLR460C, ΔYPL088W, ΔYPR127, ΔZWF1, ΔGOR1, ΔGPD1, ΔHIS4, ΔHMG1, ΔIDP1, ΔLYS12 (FIGS. 2 and 3).

TABLE 7 Disclosed Nucleic Acid and Amino Acid Sequences SEQ ID NO: 1 Protein sequence from alcohol dehydrogenase 5  (ADH5) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPSQVIPEKQKAIVFYETDGKLEYKDVTVPEPKPNEILVHVKYSGVCHSDLHAWHGDWP FQLKFPLIGGHEGAGVVVKLGSNVKGWKVGDFAGIKWLNGTCMSCEYCEVGNESQCP YLDGTGFTHDGTFQEYATADAVQAAHIPPNVNLAEVAPILCAGITVYKALKRANVIPGQW VTISGACGGLGSLAIQYALAMGYRVIGIDGGNAKRKLFEQLGGEIFIDFTEEKDIVGAIIKA TNGGSHGVINVSVSEAAIEASTRYCRPNGTVVLVGMPAHAYCNSDVFNQVVKSISIVGS CVGNRADTREALDFFARGLIKSPIHLAGLSDVPEIFAKMEKGEIVGRYVVETSK SEQ ID NO: 2 DNA sequence encoding alcohol dehydrogenase 5  (ADH5) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGCCTTCGCAAGTCATTCCTGAAAAACAAAAGGCTATTGTCTTTTATGAGACAGATG GAAAATTGGAATATAAAGACGTCACAGTTCCGGAACCTAAGCCTAACGAAATTTTAG TCCACGTTAAATATTCTGGTGTTTGTCATAGTGACTTGCACGCGTGGCACGGTGATT GGCCATTTCAATTGAAATTTCCATTAATCGGTGGTCACGAAGGTGCTGGTGTTGTTG TTAAGTTGGGATCTAACGTTAAGGGCTGGAAAGTCGGTGATTTTGCAGGTATAAAAT GGTTGAATGGGACTTGCATGTCCTGTGAATATTGTGAAGTAGGTAATGAATCTCAAT GTCCTTATTTGGATGGTACTGGCTTCACACATGATGGTACTTTTCAAGAATACGCAA CTGCCGATGCCGTTCAAGCTGCCCATATTCCACCAAACGTCAATCTTGCTGAAGTTG CCCCAATCTTGTGTGCAGGTATCACTGTTTATAAGGCGTTGAAAAGAGCCAATGTGA TACCAGGCCAATGGGTCACTATATCCGGTGCATGCGGTGGCTTGGGTTCTCTGGCA ATCCAATACGCCCTTGCTATGGGTTACAGGGTCATTGGTATCGATGGTGGTAATGCC AAGCGAAAGTTATTTGAACAATTAGGCGGAGAAATATTCATCGATTTCACGGAAGAA AAAGACATTGTTGGTGCTATAATAAAGGCCACTAATGGCGGTTCTCATGGAGTTATT AATGTGTCTGTTTCTGAAGCAGCTATCGAGGCTTCTACGAGGTATTGTAGGCCCAAT GGTACTGTCGTCCTGGTTGGTATGCCAGCTCATGCTTACTGCAATTCCGATGTTTTC AATCAAGTTGTAAAATCAATCTCCATCGTTGGATCTTGTGTTGGAAATAGAGCTGATA CAAGGGAGGCTTTAGATTTCTTCGCCAGAGGTTTGATCAAATCTCCGATCCACTTAG CTGGCCTATCGGATGTTCCTGAAATTTTTGCAAAGATGGAGAAGGGTGAAATTGTTG GTAGATATGTTGTTGAGACTTCTAAATGA SEQ ID NO: 3 Protein sequence from alcohol dehydrogenase 6  (ADH6) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSYPEKFEGIAIQSHEDWKNPKKTKYDPKPFYDHDIDIKIEACGVCGSDIHCAAGHWGN MKMPLVVGHEIVGKVVKLGPKSNSGLKVGQRVGVGAQVFSCLECDRCKNDNEPYCTK FVTTYSQPYEDGYVSQGGYANYVRVHEHFVVPIPENIPSHLAAPLLCGGLTVYSPLVRN GCGPGKKVGIVGLGGIGSMGTLISKAMGAETYVISRSSRKREDAMKMGADHYIATLEEG DWGEKYFDTFDLIVVCASSLTDIDFNIMPKAMKVGGRIVSISIPEQHEMLSLKPYGLKAVS ISYSALGSIKELNQLLKLVSEKDIKIWVETLPVGEAGVHEAFERMEKGDVRYRFTLVGYD KEFSD SEQ ID NO: 4 DNA sequence encoding alcohol dehydrogenase 6  (ADH6) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTCTTATCCTGAGAAATTTGAAGGTATCGCTATTCAATCACACGAAGATTGGAAAA ACCCAAAGAAGACAAAGTATGACCCAAAACCATTTTACGATCATGACATTGACATTAA GATCGAAGCATGTGGTGTCTGCGGTAGTGATATTCATTGTGCAGCTGGTCATTGGG GCAATATGAAGATGCCGCTAGTCGTTGGTCATGAAATCGTTGGTAAAGTTGTCAAGC TAGGGCCCAAGTCAAACAGTGGGTTGAAAGTCGGTCAACGTGTTGGTGTAGGTGCT CAAGTCTTTTCATGCTTGGAATGTGACCGTTGTAAGAATGATAATGAACCATACTGCA CCAAGTTTGTTACCACATACAGTCAGCCTTATGAAGACGGCTATGTGTCGCAGGGTG GCTATGCAAACTACGTCAGAGTTCATGAACATTTTGTGGTGCCTATCCCAGAGAATA TTCCATCACATTTGGCTGCTCCACTATTATGTGGTGGTTTGACTGTGTACTCTCCATT GGTTCGTAACGGTTGCGGTCCAGGTAAAAAAGTTGGTATAGTTGGTCTTGGTGGTAT CGGCAGTATGGGTACATTGATTTCCAAAGCCATGGGGGCAGAGACGTATGTTATTTC TCGTTCTTCGAGAAAAAGAGAAGATGCAATGAAGATGGGCGCCGATCACTACATTG CTACATTAGAAGAAGGTGATTGGGGTGAAAAGTACTTTGACACCTTCGACCTGATTG TAGTCTGTGCTTCCTCCCTTACCGACATTGACTTCAACATTATGCCAAAGGCTATGAA GGTTGGTGGTAGAATTGTCTCAATCTCTATACCAGAACAACACGAAATGTTATCGCT AAAGCCATATGGCTTAAAGGCTGTCTCCATTTCTTACAGTGCTTTAGGTTCCATCAAA GAATTGAACCAACTCTTGAAATTAGTCTCTGAAAAAGATATCAAAATTTGGGTGGAAA CATTACCTGTTGGTGAAGCCGGCGTCCATGAAGCCTTCGAAAGGATGGAAAAGGGT GACGTTAGATATAGATTTACCTTAGTCGGCTACGACAAAGAATTTTCAGACTAG SEQ ID NO: 5 Protein sequence from alcohol dehydrogenase 7  (ADH7) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MLYPEKFQGIGISNAKDWKHPKLVSFDPKPFGDHDVDVEIEACGICGSDFHIAVGNWGP VPENQILGHEIIGRVVKVGSKCHTGVKIGDRVGVGAQALACFECERCKSDNEQYCTNDH VLTMWTPYKDGYISQGGFASHVRLHEHFAIQIPENIPSPLAAPLLCGGITVFSPLLRNGC GPGKRVGIVGIGGIGHMGILLAKAMGAEVYAFSRGHSKREDSMKLGADHYIAMLEDKG WTEQYSNALDLLVVCSSSLSKVNFDSIVKIMKIGGSIVSIAAPEVNEKLVLKPLGLMGVSIS SSAIGSRKEIEQLLKLVSEKNVKIWVEKLPISEEGVSHAFTRMESGDVKYRFTLVDYDKK FHK SEQ ID NO: 6 DNA sequence encoding alcohol dehydrogenase 7  (ADH7) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGCTTTACCCAGAAAAATTTCAGGGCATCGGTATTTCCAACGCAAAGGATTGGAAG CATCCTAAATTAGTGAGTTTTGACCCAAAACCCTTTGGCGATCATGACGTTGATGTT GAAATTGAAGCCTGTGGTATCTGCGGATCTGATTTTCATATAGCCGTTGGTAATTGG GGTCCAGTCCCAGAAAATCAAATCCTTGGACATGAAATAATTGGCCGCGTGGTGAA GGTTGGATCCAAGTGCCACACTGGGGTAAAAATCGGTGACCGTGTTGGTGTTGGTG CCCAAGCCTTGGCGTGTTTTGAGTGTGAACGTTGCAAAAGTGACAACGAGCAATACT GTACCAATGACCACGTTTTGACTATGTGGACTCCTTACAAGGACGGCTACATTTCAC AAGGAGGCTTTGCCTCCCACGTGAGGCTTCATGAACACTTTGCTATTCAAATACCAG AAAATATTCCAAGTCCGCTAGCCGCTCCATTATTGTGTGGTGGTATTACAGTTTTCTC TCCACTACTAAGAAATGGCTGTGGTCCAGGTAAGAGGGTAGGTATTGTTGGCATCG GTGGTATTGGGCATATGGGGATTCTGTTGGCTAAAGCTATGGGAGCCGAGGTTTAT GCGTTTTCGCGAGGCCACTCCAAGCGGGAGGATTCTATGAAACTCGGTGCTGATCA CTATATTGCTATGTTGGAGGATAAAGGCTGGACAGAACAATACTCTAACGCTTTGGA CCTTCTTGTCGTTTGCTCATCATCTTTGTCGAAAGTTAATTTTGACAGTATCGTTAAG ATTATGAAGATTGGAGGCTCCATCGTTTCAATTGCTGCTCCTGAAGTTAATGAAAAG CTTGTTTTAAAACCGTTGGGCCTAATGGGAGTATCAATCTCAAGCAGTGCTATCGGA TCTAGGAAGGAAATCGAACAACTATTGAAATTAGTTTCCGAAAAGAATGTCAAAATAT GGGTGGAAAAACTTCCGATCAGCGAAGAAGGCGTCAGCCATGCCTTTACAAGGATG GAAAGCGGAGACGTCAAATACAGATTTACTTTGGTCGATTATGATAAGAAATTCCATA AATAG SEQ ID NO: 7 Protein sequence from Genes de Respuesta a  Estres 2 (GRE2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSVFVSGANGFIAQHIVDLLLKEDYKVIGSARSQEKAENLTEAFGNNPKFSMEVVPDISK LDAFDHVFQKHGKDIKIVLHTASPFCFDITDSERDLLIPAVNGVKGILHSIKKYAADSVERV VLTSSYAAVFDMAKENDKSLTFNEESWNPATWESCQSDPVNAYCGSKKFAEKAAWEF LEENRDSVKFELTAVNPVYVFGPQMFDKDVKKHLNTSCELVNSLMHLSPEDKIPELFGG YIDVRDVAKAHLVAFQKRETIGQRLIVSEARFTMQDVLDILNEDFPVLKGNIPVGKPGSG ATHNTLGATLDNKKSKKLLGFKFRNLKETIDDTASQILKFEGRI SEQ ID NO: 8 DNA sequence encoding Genes de Respuesta a  Estres 2 (GRE2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTCAGTTTTCGTTTCAGGTGCTAACGGGTTCATTGCCCAACACATTGTCGATCTC CTGTTGAAGGAAGACTATAAGGTCATCGGTTCTGCCAGAAGTCAAGAAAAGGCCGA GAATTTAACGGAGGCCTTTGGTAACAACCCAAAATTCTCCATGGAAGTTGTCCCAGA CATATCTAAGCTGGACGCATTTGACCATGTTTTCCAAAAGCACGGCAAGGATATCAA GATAGTTCTACATACGGCCTCTCCATTCTGCTTTGATATCACTGACAGTGAACGCGA TTTATTAATTCCTGCTGTGAACGGTGTTAAGGGAATTCTCCACTCAATTAAAAAATAC GCCGCTGATTCTGTAGAACGTGTAGTTCTCACCTCTTCTTATGCAGCTGTGTTCGAT ATGGCAAAAGAAAACGATAAGTCTTTAACATTTAACGAAGAATCCTGGAACCCAGCT ACCTGGGAGAGTTGCCAAAGTGACCCAGTTAACGCCTACTGTGGTTCTAAGAAGTTT GCTGAAAAAGCAGCTTGGGAATTTCTAGAGGAGAATAGAGACTCTGTAAAATTCGAA TTAACTGCCGTTAACCCAGTTTACGTTTTTGGTCCGCAAATGTTTGACAAAGATGTGA AAAAACACTTGAACACATCTTGCGAACTCGTCAACAGCTTGATGCATTTATCACCAG AGGACAAGATACCGGAACTATTTGGTGGATACATTGATGTTCGTGATGTTGCAAAGG CTCATTTAGTTGCCTTCCAAAAGAGGGAAACAATTGGTCAAAGACTAATCGTATCGG AGGCCAGATTTACTATGCAGGATGTTCTCGATATCCTTAACGAAGACTTCCCTGTTC TAAAAGGCAATATTCCAGTGGGGAAACCAGGTTCTGGTGCTACCCATAACACCCTTG GTGCTACTCTTGATAATAAAAAGAGTAAGAAATTGTTAGGTTTCAAGTTCAGGAACTT GAAAGAGACCATTGACGACACTGCCTCCCAAATTTTAAAATTTGAGGGCAGAATATA A SEQ ID NO: 9 Protein sequence from Genes de Respuesta a  Estres 3 (GRE3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSSLVTLNNGLKMPLVGLGCWKIDKKVCANQIYEAIKLGYRLFDGACDYGNEKEVGEGI RKAISEGLVSRKDIFVVSKLWNNFHHPDHVKLALKKTLSDMGLDYLDLYYIHFPIAFKYVP FEEKYPPGFYTGADDEKKGHITEAHVPIIDTYRALEECVDEGLIKSIGVSNFQGSLIQDLL RGCRIKPVALQIEHHPYLTQEHLVEFCKLHDIQVVAYSSFGPQSFIEMDLQLAKTTPTLFE NDVIKKVSQNHPGSTTSQVLLRWATQRGIAVIPKSSKKERLLGNLEIEKKFTLTEQELKDI SALNANIRFNDPWTWLDGKFPTFA SEQ ID NO: 10 DNA sequence encoding Genes de Respuesta a  Estres 3 (GRE3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTCTTCACTGGTTACTCTTAATAACGGTCTGAAAATGCCCCTAGTCGGCTTAGGG TGCTGGAAAATTGACAAAAAAGTCTGTGCGAATCAAATTTATGAAGCTATCAAATTAG GCTACCGTTTATTCGATGGTGCTTGCGACTACGGCAACGAAAAGGAAGTTGGTGAA GGTATCAGGAAAGCCATCTCCGAAGGTCTTGTTTCTAGAAAGGATATATTTGTTGTTT CAAAGTTATGGAACAATTTTCACCATCCTGATCATGTAAAATTAGCTTTAAAGAAGAC CTTAAGCGATATGGGACTTGATTATTTAGACCTGTATTATATTCACTTCCCAATCGCC TTCAAATATGTTCCATTTGAAGAGAAATACCCTCCAGGATTCTATACGGGCGCAGAT GACGAGAAGAAAGGTCACATCACCGAAGCACATGTACCAATCATAGATACGTACCG GGCTCTGGAAGAATGTGTTGATGAAGGCTTGATTAAGTCTATTGGTGTTTCCAACTT TCAGGGAAGCTTGATTCAAGATTTATTACGTGGTTGTAGAATCAAGCCCGTGGCTTT GCAAATTGAACACCATCCTTATTTGACTCAAGAACACCTAGTTGAGTTTTGTAAATTA CACGATATCCAAGTAGTTGCTTACTCCTCCTTCGGTCCTCAATCATTCATTGAGATG GACTTACAGTTGGCAAAAACCACGCCAACTCTGTTCGAGAATGATGTAATCAAGAAG GTCTCACAAAACCATCCAGGCAGTACCACTTCCCAAGTATTGCTTAGATGGGCAACT CAGAGAGGCATTGCCGTCATTCCAAAATCTTCCAAGAAGGAAAGGTTACTTGGCAAC CTAGAAATCGAAAAAAAGTTCACTTTAACGGAGCAAGAATTGAAGGATATTTCTGCA CTAAATGCCAACATCAGATTTAATGATCCATGGACCTGGTTGGATGGTAAATTCCCC ACTTTTGCCTGA SEQ ID NO: 11 Protein sequence from carbonyl reductase  (NADPH-dependent) (YDR541C) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MSNTVLVSGASGFIALHILSQLLKQDYKVIGTVRSHEKEAKLLRQFQHNPNLTLEIVPDIS HPNAFDKVLQKRGREIRYVLHTASPFHYDTTEYEKDLLIPALEGTKNILNSIKKYAADTVE RVVVTSSCTAIITLAKMDDPSVVFTEESWNEATWESCQIDGINAYFASKKFAEKAAWEFT KENEDHIKFKLTTVNPSLLFGPQLFDEDVHGHLNTSCEMINGLIHTPVNASVPDFHSIFID VRDVALAHLYAFQKENTAGKRLVVTNGKFGNQDILDILNEDFPQLRGLIPLGKPGTGDQV IDRGSTTDNSATRKILGFEFRSLHESVHDTAAQILKKQNRL SEQ ID NO: 12 DNA sequence encoding carbonyl reductase  (NADPH-dependent) (YDR541C) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGTCTAATACAGTTCTAGTTTCTGGCGCTTCAGGTTTTATTGCCTTGCATATCCTGT CACAATTGTTAAAACAAGATTATAAGGTTATTGGAACTGTGAGATCCCATGAAAAAGA AGCAAAATTGCTAAGACAATTTCAACATAACCCTAATTTAACTTTAGAAATTGTTCCG GACATTTCTCATCCAAATGCTTTCGATAAGGTTCTGCAGAAACGTGGACGTGAGATT AGGTATGTTCTACACACGGCCTCTCCTTTTCATTATGATACTACCGAATATGAAAAAG ACTTATTGATTCCCGCGTTAGAAGGTACAAAAAACATCCTAAATTCTATCAAGAAATA TGCAGCAGACACTGTAGAGCGTGTTGTTGTGACTTCTTCTTGTACTGCTATTATAAC CCTTGCAAAGATGGACGATCCCAGTGTGGTTTTTACAGAAGAGAGTTGGAACGAAG CAACCTGGGAAAGCTGTCAAATTGATGGGATAAATGCTTACTTTGCATCCAAGAAGT TTGCTGAAAAGGCTGCCTGGGAGTTCACAAAAGAGAATGAAGATCACATCAAATTCA AACTAACAACAGTCAACCCTTCTCTTCTTTTTGGTCCTCAACTTTTCGATGAAGATGT GCATGGCCATTTGAATACTTCTTGCGAAATGATCAATGGCCTAATTCATACCCCAGT AAATGCCAGTGTTCCTGATTTTCATTCCATTTTTATTGATGTAAGGGATGTGGCCCTA GCTCATCTGTATGCTTTCCAGAAGGAAAATACCGCGGGTAAAAGATTAGTGGTAACT AACGGTAAATTTGGAAACCAAGATATCCTGGATATTTTGAACGAAGATTTTCCACAAT TAAGAGGTCTCATTCCTTTGGGTAAGCCTGGCACAGGTGATCAAGTCATTGACCGC GGTTCAACTACAGATAATAGTGCAACGAGGAAAATACTTGGCTTTGAGTTCAGAAGT TTACACGAAAGTGTCCATGATACTGCTGCCCAAATTTTGAAGAAGCAGAACAGATTA TGA SEQ ID NO: 13 Protein sequence from YLR460C of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MQVAIPETMKAVVIEDGKAVVKEGIPIPELEEGFVLIKTLAVAGNPTDWAHIDYKIGPQGSI LGCDAAGQIVKLGPAVNPKDFSIGDYIYGFIHGSSVRFPSNGAFAEYSAISTVVAYKSPN ELKFLGEDVLPAGPVRSLEGVATIPVSLTTAGLVLTYNLGLDLKWEPSTPQRKGPILLWG GATAVGQSLIQLANKLNGFTKIIVVASRKHEKLLKEYGADELFDYHDIDVVEQIKHKYNNIS YLVDCVANQDTLQQVYKCAADKQDATIVELKNLTEENVKKENRRQNVTIDIIRLYSIGGH EVPFGNITLPADSEARKAAIKFIKFINPKINDGQIRHIPVRVYKNGLCDVPHILKDIKYGKNS GEKLVAVLN SEQ ID NO: 14 DNA sequence encoding YLR460C of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGCAAGTTGCAATTCCAGAAACCATGAAGGCTGTCGTCATTGAAGACGGTAAAGC GGTTGTTAAAGAGGGCATTCCCATTCCTGAATTGGAAGAAGGATTCGTATTGATTAA GACACTCGCTGTTGCTGGTAACCCCACTGATTGGGCACACATTGACTACAAGATCG GGCCTCAAGGATCTATTCTGGGATGTGATGCTGCTGGCCAAATTGTCAAATTGGGC CCAGCTGTCAATCCTAAAGACTTTTCTATCGGTGATTATATTTATGGGTTCATTCACG GATCTTCCGTAAGGTTTCCTTCCAATGGTGCTTTTGCTGAATATTCTGCTATTTCAAC TGTGGTTGCCTACAAATCACCCAATGAACTCAAATTTTTGGGTGAGGATGTTCTACC TGCCGGCCCTGTCAGGTCTTTGGAAGGTGTAGCCACTATCCCAGTGTCACTGACCA CAGCCGGCTTGGTGTTGACCTATAACTTGGGCTTGGACCTGAAGTGGGAGCCATCA ACCCCACAAAGAAAAGGCCCCATCTTATTATGGGGCGGTGCAACTGCAGTAGGTCA GTCGCTCATCCAATTAGCCAATAAATTGAATGGCTTCACCAAGATCATTGTTGTGGC TTCTCGGAAGCACGAAAAACTTTTGAAAGAATATGGTGCTGATGAATTATTTGATTAT CATGATATTGACGTGGTAGAACAAATTAAACACAAGTACAACAATATCTCGTATTTAG TCGACTGTGTCGCGAATCAAGATACGCTTCAACAAGTGTACAAATGTGCGGCCGATA AACAGGATGCTACAATTGTTGAATTAAAAAATTTGACAGAAGAAAACGTCAAAAAAGA GAACAGGAGACAAAACGTTACTATTGACATAATAAGGCTATATTCAATAGGTGGCCA TGAAGTACCATTTGGAAACATTACTTTACCAGCCGACTCAGAAGCTAGGAAAGCTGC AATAAAATTTATCAAATTCATCAATCCAAAGATTAATGATGGACAAATTCGCCATATTC CAGTAAGGGTCTATAAGAACGGGCTTTGTGATGTTCCTCATATCCTAAAAGACATCA AATATGGTAAGAACTCTGGTGAAAAACTCGTTGCCGTATTAAACTAG SEQ ID NO: 15 Protein sequence from carbonyl reductase  (NADPH-dependent) (ARI1) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MTTDTTVFVSGATGFIALHIMNDLLKAGYTVIGSGRSQEKNDGLLKKFNNNPKLSMEIVE DIAAPNAFDEVFKKHGKEIKIVLHTASPFHFETTNFEKDLLTPAVNGTKSILEAIKKYAADT VEKVIVTSSTAALVTPTDMNKGDLVITEESWNKDTWDSCQANAVAAYCGSKKFAEKTA WEFLKENKSSVKFTLSTINPGFVFGPQMFADSLKHGINTSSGIVSELIHSKVGGEFYNYC GPFIDVRDVSKAHLVAIEKPECTGQRLVLSEGLFCCQEIVDILNEEFPQLKGKIATGEPAT GPSFLEKNSCKFDNSKTKKLLGFQFYNLKDCIVDTAAQMLEVQNEA SEQ ID NO: 16 DNA sequence encoding carbonyl reductase  (NADPH-dependent) (ARI1) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGACTACTGATACCACTGTTTTCGTTTCTGGCGCAACCGGTTTCATTGCTCTACACA TTATGAACGATCTGTTGAAAGCTGGCTATACAGTCATCGGCTCAGGTAGATCTCAAG AAAAAAATGATGGCTTGCTCAAAAAATTTAATAACAATCCCAAACTATCGATGGAAAT TGTGGAAGATATTGCTGCTCCAAACGCCTTTGATGAAGTTTTCAAAAAACATGGTAA GGAAATTAAGATTGTGCTACACACTGCCTCCCCATTCCATTTTGAAACTACCAATTTT GAAAAGGATTTACTAACCCCTGCAGTGAACGGTACAAAATCTATCTTGGAAGCGATT AAAAAATATGCTGCAGACACTGTTGAAAAAGTTATTGTTACTTCGTCTACTGCTGCTC TGGTGACACCTACAGACATGAACAAAGGAGATTTGGTGATCACGGAGGAGAGTTGG AATAAGGATACATGGGACAGTTGTCAAGCCAACGCCGTTGCCGCATATTGTGGCTC GAAAAAGTTTGCTGAAAAAACTGCTTGGGAATTTCTTAAAGAAAACAAGTCTAGTGTC AAATTCACACTATCCACTATCAATCCGGGATTCGTTTTTGGTCCTCAAATGTTTGCAG ATTCGCTAAAACATGGCATAAATACCTCCTCAGGGATCGTATCTGAGTTAATTCATTC CAAGGTAGGTGGAGAATTTTATAATTACTGTGGCCCATTTATTGACGTGCGTGACGT TTCTAAAGCCCACCTAGTTGCAATTGAAAAACCAGAATGTACCGGCCAAAGATTAGT ATTGAGTGAAGGTTTATTCTGCTGTCAAGAAATCGTTGACATCTTGAACGAGGAATT CCCTCAATTAAAGGGCAAGATAGCTACAGGTGAACCTGCGACCGGTCCAAGCTTTTT AGAAAAAAACTCTTGCAAGTTTGACAATTCTAAGACAAAAAAACTACTGGGATTCCAG TTTTACAATTTAAAGGATTGCATAGTTGACACCGCGGCGCAAATGTTAGAAGTTCAAA ATGAAGCCTAA SEQ ID NO: 17 Protein sequence from carbonyl reductase  (NADPH-dependent) (YGL039W) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MTTEKTVVFVSGATGFIALHVVDDLLKTGYKVIGSGRSQEKNDGLLKKFKSNPNLSMEIV EDIAAPNAFDKVFQKHGKEIKVVLHIASPVHFNTTDFEKDLLIPAVNGTKSILEAIKNYAAD TVEKVVITSSVAALASPGDMKDTSFVVNEESWNKDTWESCQANAVSAYCGSKKFAEKT AWDFLEENQSSIKFTLSTINPGFVFGPQLFADSLRNGINSSSAIIANLVSYKLGDNFYNYS GPFIDVRDVSKAHLLAFEKPECAGQRLFLCEDMFCSQEALDILNEEFPQLKGKIATGEPG SGSTFLTKNCCKCDNRKTKNLLGFQFNKFRDCIVDTASQLLEVQSKS SEQ ID NO: 18 DNA sequence encoding carbonyl reductase  (NADPH-dependent) (YGL039W) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGACTACTGAAAAAACCGTTGTTTTTGTTTCTGGTGCTACTGGTTTCATTGCTCTAC ACGTAGTGGACGATTTATTAAAAACTGGTTACAAGGTCATCGGTTCGGGTAGGTCCC AAGAAAAGAATGATGGATTGCTGAAAAAATTTAAGAGCAATCCCAACCTTTCAATGG AGATTGTCGAAGACATTGCTGCTCCAAACGCTTTTGACAAAGTTTTTCAAAAGCACG GCAAAGAGATCAAGGTTGTCTTGCACATAGCTTCTCCGGTTCACTTCAACACCACTG ATTTCGAAAAGGATCTGCTAATTCCTGCTGTGAATGGTACCAAGTCCATTCTAGAAG CAATCAAAAATTATGCCGCAGACACAGTCGAAAAAGTCGTTATTACTTCTTCTGTTGC TGCCCTTGCATCTCCCGGAGATATGAAGGACACTAGTTTCGTTGTCAATGAGGAAAG TTGGAACAAAGATACTTGGGAAAGTTGTCAAGCTAACGCGGTTTCCGCATACTGTGG TTCCAAGAAATTTGCTGAAAAAACTGCTTGGGATTTTCTCGAGGAAAACCAATCAAG CATCAAATTTACGCTATCAACCATCAACCCAGGATTTGTTTTTGGCCCTCAGCTATTT GCCGACTCTCTTAGAAATGGAATAAATAGCTCTTCAGCCATTATTGCCAATTTGGTTA GTTATAAATTAGGCGACAATTTTTATAATTACAGTGGTCCTTTTATTGACGTTCGCGA TGTTTCAAAAGCTCATTTACTTGCATTTGAGAAACCCGAATGCGCTGGCCAAAGACT ATTCTTATGTGAAGATATGTTTTGCTCTCAAGAAGCGCTGGATATCTTGAATGAGGAA TTTCCACAGTTAAAAGGCAAGATAGCAACTGGCGAACCTGGTAGCGGCTCAACCTTT TTGACAAAAAACTGCTGCAAGTGCGACAACCGCAAAACCAAAAATTTATTAGGATTC CAATTTAATAAGTTCAGAGATTGCATTGTCGATACTGCCTCGCAATTACTAGAAGTTC AAAGTAAAAGCTAA SEQ ID NO: 19 Protein sequence from YCR102C of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MKAVVIEDGKAVVKEGVPIPELEEGFVLIKTLAVAGNPTDWAHIDYKVGPQGSILGCDAA GQIVKLGPAVDPKDFSIGDYIYGFIHGSSVRFPSNGAFAEYSAISTVVAYKSPNELKFLGE DVLPAGPVRSLEGAATIPVSLTTAGLVLTYNLGLNLKWEPSTPQRNGPILLWGGATAVG QSLIQLANKLNGFTKIIVVASRKHEKLLKEYGADQLFDYHDIDVVEQIKHKYNNISYLVDCV ANQNTLQQVYKCAADKQDATVVELTNLTEENVKKENRRQNVTIDRTRLYSIGGHEVPFG GITFPADPEARRAATEFVKFINPKISDGQIHHIPARVYKNGLYDVPRILEDIKIGKNSGEKL VAVLN SEQ ID NO: 20 DNA sequence encoding YCR102C of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGAAGGCTGTCGTCATTGAAGACGGTAAAGCGGTTGTCAAAGAGGGCGTTCCCAT TCCTGAATTGGAAGAAGGATTCGTATTGATTAAGACACTCGCTGTTGCTGGTAACCC GACTGATTGGGCACACATTGACTACAAGGTCGGGCCTCAAGGATCTATTCTGGGAT GTGACGCTGCCGGCCAAATTGTCAAATTGGGCCCAGCCGTCGATCCTAAAGACTTT TCTATTGGTGATTATATTTATGGGTTCATTCACGGATCTTCCGTAAGGTTTCCTTCCA ATGGTGCTTTTGCTGAATATTCTGCTATTTCAACTGTGGTTGCCTACAAATCACCCAA TGAACTCAAATTTTTGGGTGAAGATGTTCTACCTGCCGGCCCTGTCAGGTCTTTGGA AGGGGCAGCCACTATCCCAGTGTCACTGACCACAGCTGGCTTGGTGTTGACCTATA ACTTGGGCTTGAACCTGAAGTGGGAGCCATCAACCCCACAAAGAAACGGCCCCATC TTATTATGGGGCGGTGCAACTGCAGTAGGTCAGTCGCTCATCCAATTAGCCAATAAA TTGAATGGCTTCACCAAGATCATTGTTGTGGCTTCTCGGAAACACGAAAAACTGTTG AAAGAATATGGTGCTGATCAACTATTTGATTACCATGATATTGACGTGGTAGAACAAA TTAAACACAAGTACAACAATATCTCGTATTTAGTCGACTGTGTCGCGAATCAAAATAC GCTTCAACAAGTGTACAAATGTGCGGCCGATAAACAGGATGCTACCGTTGTCGAATT AACTAATTTGACAGAAGAAAACGTCAAAAAGGAGAATAGGAGGCAAAATGTCACTAT TGACAGAACAAGACTGTATTCAATAGGCGGCCATGAAGTACCATTTGGTGGCATTAC TTTCCCTGCTGACCCAGAAGCCAGGAGAGCTGCCACCGAATTCGTCAAGTTCATCA ATCCAAAGATTAGTGATGGGCAAATTCACCATATTCCAGCAAGGGTCTATAAGAACG GGCTTTACGATGTTCCTCGTATCCTGGAAGACATTAAAATCGGTAAGAACTCTGGTG AAAAACTAGTTGCCGTATTAAACTAG SEQ ID NO: 21 Protein sequence from pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase  (YPR127W) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSVADLKNNIHKLDTGYGLMSLTWRAEPIPQSQAFEAMHRVVELSRERGHKAFFNVGE FYGPDFINLSYVHDFFAKYPDLRKDVVISCKGGADNATLTPRGSHDDVVQSVKNSVSAI GGYIDIFEVARIDTSLCTKGEVYPYESFEALAEMISEGVIGGISLSEVNEEQIRAIHKDWGK FLTCVEVELSLFSNDILHNGIAKTCAELGLSIICYSPLGRGLLTGQLKSNADIPEGDFRKSL KRFSDESLKKNLTLVRFLQEEIVDKRPQNNSITLAQLALGWVKHWNKVPEYSGAKFIPIP SGSSISKVNENFDEQKTKLTDQEFNAINKYLTTFHTVGDRYEMA SEQ ID NO: 22 DNA sequence encoding pyridoxine 4-dehydrogenase  (YPR127W) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTCTGTCGCCGATTTGAAAAACAACATCCACAAGTTAGATACTGGCTATGGTTTAA TGAGTTTGACTTGGAGAGCCGAGCCTATCCCTCAGTCGCAGGCTTTCGAGGCCATG CACAGAGTGGTTGAGTTATCCAGAGAACGTGGGCACAAGGCCTTTTTCAACGTTGG TGAATTCTATGGTCCCGATTTTATTAATTTGTCGTATGTTCACGACTTCTTTGCGAAAT ACCCAGATTTGAGAAAGGATGTGGTTATCAGTTGTAAAGGTGGTGCAGACAATGCTA CCTTAACCCCCAGAGGCAGTCACGATGATGTTGTACAAAGCGTAAAGAATTCAGTTA GTGCTATTGGTGGCTACATCGACATCTTCGAAGTCGCAAGAATCGACACTTCCCTAT GCACGAAAGGAGAGGTCTACCCCTACGAATCGTTCGAAGCGCTTGCTGAGATGATC TCCGAAGGCGTTATTGGCGGTATTTCATTAAGTGAAGTTAATGAAGAGCAAATTAGA GCTATTCACAAGGATTGGGGAAAGTTTTTGACCTGCGTTGAAGTGGAACTTTCTTTG TTCAGTAATGACATTTTACACAACGGAATTGCTAAAACATGTGCTGAATTGGGGTTGT CCATCATCTGCTACTCCCCACTGGGCAGAGGATTGTTGACAGGTCAATTGAAGTCAA ACGCTGATATCCCTGAGGGTGACTTTAGAAAGTCGTTAAAGAGATTTAGCGACGAGT CTTTGAAAAAAAACCTGACCTTGGTCAGGTTTCTACAGGAAGAAATAGTCGACAAGC GCCCACAAAACAACTCCATTACTCTTGCACAACTGGCTTTGGGATGGGTTAAGCACT GGAACAAAGTTCCGGAATACAGTGGCGCCAAATTTATCCCAATTCCAAGTGGCTCTT CTATTTCCAAGGTTAATGAAAACTTTGATGAACAGAAAACCAAACTTACCGATCAAGA GTTCAATGCCATTAACAAATATTTGACTACTTTCCATACTGTTGGTGACAGATACGAA ATGGCGTAA SEQ ID NO: 23 DNA sequence encoding norcoclaurine synthase of  Coptis japonica, codon optimized for S. cerevisiae with HindIII and SacII cloning sites AAGCTTAAAATGAGAATGGAAGTCGTCTTGGTCGTTTTCTTGATGTTCATTGGTACTA TCAACTGCGAAAGATTGATCTTCAATGGTAGACCTTTGTTGCACAGAGTTACCAAAG AAGAAACCGTTATGTTGTACCACGAATTGGAAGTTGCTGCTTCTGCTGATGAAGTTT GGTCTGTTGAAGGTTCTCCAGAATTGGGTTTACATTTGCCAGATTTGTTGCCAGCTG GTATTTTTGCCAAGTTCGAAATTACTGGTGATGGTGGTGAAGGTTCCATTTTGGATAT GACTTTTCCACCAGGTCAATTCCCACATCATTACAGAGAAAAGTTCGTCTTTTTCGAC CACAAGAACAGATACAAGTTGGTCGAACAAATCGATGGTGATTTCTTCGATTTGGGT GTTACTTACTACATGGACACCATTAGAGTTGTTGCTACTGGTCCAGATTCTTGCGTTA TTAAGTCTACTACTGAATACCACGTCAAGCCAGAATTTGCTAAAATCGTTAAGCCATT GATCGATACCGTTCCATTGGCTATTATGTCTGAAGCTATTGCCAAGGTTGTCTTGGA AAACAAACACAAGTCATCTGAATGAAAGACTCCGCGG SEQ ID NO: 24 Protein sequence from norcoclaurine synthase of  Coptis japonica MRMEVVLVVFLMFIGTINCERLIFNGRPLLHRVTKEETVMLYHELEVAASADEVWSVEGS PELGLHLPDLLPAGIFAKFEITGDGGEGSILDMTFPPGQFPHHYREKFVFFDHKNRYKLV EQIDGDFFDLGVTYYMDTIRVVATGPDSCVIKSTTEYHVKPEFAKIVKPLIDTVPLAIMSEA IAKVVLENKHKSSE SEQ ID NO: 25 Protein sequence from Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MIGSASDSSSKLGRLRFLSETAAIKVSPLILGEVSYDGARSDFLKSMNKNRAFELLDTFYE AGGNFIDAANNCQNEQSEEWIGEWIQSRRLRDQIVIATKFIKSDKKYKAGESNTANYCGN HKRSLHVSVRDSLRKLQTDWIDILYVHWWDYMSSIEEFMDSLHILVQQGKVLYLGVSDTP AWVVSAANYYATSYGKTPFSIYQGKWNVLNRDFERDIIPMARHFGMALAPWDVMGGGR FQSKKAMEERRKNGEGIRSFVGASEQTDAEIKISEALAKIAEEHGTESVTAIAIAYVRSKAK NFFPSVEGGKIEDLKENIKALSIDLTPDNIKYLESIVPFDIGFPNNFIVLNSLTQKYGTNNV SEQ ID NO: 26 DNA sequence encoding Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGATTGGGTCCGCGTCCGACTCATCTAGCAAGTTAGGACGCCTCCGATTTCTTTCT GAAACTGCCGCTATTAAAGTATCCCCGTTAATCCTAGGAGAAGTCTCATACGATGGA GCACGTTCGGATTTTCTCAAATCAATGAACAAGAATCGAGCTTTTGAATTGCTTGATA CTTTTTACGAGGCAGGTGGAAATTTCATTGATGCCGCAAACAACTGCCAAAACGAGC AATCAGAAGAATGGATTGGTGAATGGATACAGTCCAGAAGGTTACGTGATCAAATTG TCATTGCAACCAAGTTTATAAAAAGCGATAAAAAGTATAAAGCAGGTGAAAGTAACAC TGCCAACTACTGTGGTAATCACAAGCGTAGTTTACATGTGAGTGTGAGGGATTCTCT CCGCAAATTGCAAACTGATTGGATTGATATACTTTACGTTCACTGGTGGGATTATATG AGTTCAATCGAAGAATTTATGGATAGTTTGCATATTCTGGTCCAGCAGGGCAAGGTC CTCTATTTGGGTGTATCTGATACACCTGCTTGGGTTGTTTCTGCGGCAAACTACTACG CTACATCTTATGGTAAAACTCCCTTTAGTATCTACCAAGGTAAATGGAACGTGTTGAA CAGAGATTTTGAGCGTGATATTATTCCAATGGCTAGGCATTTCGGTATGGCCCTCGC CCCATGGGATGTCATGGGAGGTGGAAGATTTCAGAGTAAAAAAGCAATGGAGGAAC GGAGGAAGAATGGAGAGGGTATTCGTTCTTTCGTTGGCGCCTCCGAACAAACAGAT GCAGAAATCAAGATTAGTGAAGCATTGGCCAAGATTGCTGAGGAACATGGCACTGAG TCTGTTACTGCTATTGCTATTGCCTATGTTCGCTCTAAGGCGAAAAATTTTTTTCCGTC GGTTGAAGGAGGAAAAATTGAGGATCTCAAAGAGAACATTAAGGCTCTCAGTATCGA TCTAACGCCAGACAATATAAAATACTTAGAAAGTATAGTTCCTTTTGACATCGGATTTC CTAATAATTTTATCGTGTTAAATTCCTTGACTCAAAAATATGGTACGAATAATGTTTAG SEQ ID NO: 27 Protein sequence from Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 4 (AAD4) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MGSMNKEQAFELLDAFYEAGGNCIDTANSYQNEESEIWIGEWMKSRKLRDQIVIATKFTG DYKKYEVGGGKSANYCGNHKHSLHVSVRDSLRKLQTDWIDILYVHWWDYMSSIEEVMD SLHILVQQGKVLYLGVSDTPAWVVSAANYYATSHGKTPFSIYQGKWNVLNRDFERDIIPM ARHFGMALAPWDVMGGGRFQSKKAMEERKKNGEGLRTVSGTSKQTDKEVKISEALAKV AEEHGTESVTAIAIAYVRSKAKNVFPLVGGRKIEHLKQNIEALSIKLTPEQIEYLESIIPFDVG FPTNFIGDDPAVTKKASLLTAMSAQISFD SEQ ID NO: 28 DNA sequence encoding Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 4 (AAD4) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGGGCTCTATGAATAAGGAACAGGCTTTTGAACTTCTTGATGCTTTTTATGAAGCAG GAGGTAATTGCATTGATACTGCAAACAGTTACCAAAATGAAGAGTCAGAGATTTGGAT AGGTGAATGGATGAAATCAAGAAAGTTGCGTGACCAAATTGTAATTGCCACCAAGTTT ACCGGAGATTATAAGAAGTATGAAGTAGGTGGCGGTAAAAGTGCCAACTATTGTGGT AATCACAAGCATAGTTTACATGTGAGTGTGAGGGATTCTCTCCGCAAATTGCAAACTG ATTGGATTGATATACTTTACGTTCACTGGTGGGATTATATGAGTTCAATCGAAGAAGT TATGGATAGTTTGCATATTTTAGTTCAGCAGGGCAAAGTCCTCTATTTGGGTGTGTCT GATACACCTGCTTGGGTTGTTTCTGCGGCAAACTACTACGCCACATCTCATGGGAAA ACTCCTTTTAGTATCTATCAAGGTAAATGGAATGTGTTGAACAGGGACTTTGAGCGCG ATATCATTCCAATGGCCAGACATTTTGGTATGGCTCTAGCCCCATGGGATGTTATGG GAGGTGGAAGATTTCAGAGTAAAAAAGCAATGGAGGAACGGAAGAAGAATGGAGAG GGTCTGCGTACTGTTTCGGGTACTTCTAAACAGACGGATAAAGAGGTTAAGATCAGT GAAGCATTGGCCAAGGTTGCTGAGGAACATGGCACTGAGTCTGTTACTGCTATTGCT ATTGCCTATGTTCGCTCTAAGGCGAAAAATGTTTTCCCATTGGTTGGTGGAAGGAAAA TTGAACACCTCAAACAGAACATTGAGGCTTTAAGTATCAAACTGACACCAGAACAGAT AGAATACTTAGAAAGTATTATTCCTTTTGATGTTGGTTTTCCTACTAATTTTATCGGTG ATGATCCGGCTGTTACCAAGAAGGCTTCACTTCTCACGGCAATGTCTGCGCAGATTT CCTTCGATTAA SEQ ID NO: 29 Protein sequence from Mitochondrial alcohol  dehydrogenase isozyme III (ADH3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MLRTSTLFTRRVQPSLFSRNILRLQSTAAIPKTQKGVIFYENKGKLHYKDIPVPEPKPNEIL INVKYSGVCHTDLHAWHGDWPLPVKLPLVGGHEGAGVVVKLGSNVKGWKVGDLAGIK WLNGSCMTCEFCESGHESNCPDADLSGYTHDGSFQQFATADAIQAAKIQQGTDLAEVA PILCAGVTVYKALKEADLKAGDWVAISGAAGGLGSLAVQYATAMGYRVLGIDAGEEKEK LFKKLGGEVFIDFTKTKNMVSDIQEATKGGPHGVINVSVSEAAISLSTEYVRPCGTVVLV GLPANAYVKSEVFSHVVKSINIKGSYVGNRADTREALDFFSRGLIKSPIKIVGLSELPKVY DLMEKGKILGRYVVDTSK SEQ ID NO: 30 DNA sequence encoding Mitochondrial alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme III (ADH3) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTTGAGAACGTCAACATTGTTCACCAGGCGTGTCCAACCAAGCCTATTTTCTAGA AACATTCTTAGATTGCAATCCACAGCTGCAATCCCTAAGACTCAAAAAGGTGTCATCT TTTATGAGAATAAGGGGAAGCTGCATTACAAAGATATCCCTGTCCCCGAGCCTAAGC CAAATGAAATTTTAATCAACGTTAAATATTCTGGTGTATGTCACACCGATTTACATGC TTGGCACGGCGATTGGCCATTACCTGTTAAACTACCATTAGTAGGTGGTCATGAAGG TGCTGGTGTAGTTGTCAAACTAGGTTCCAATGTCAAGGGCTGGAAAGTCGGTGATTT AGCAGGTATCAAATGGCTGAACGGTTCTTGTATGACATGCGAATTCTGTGAATCAGG TCATGAATCAAATTGTCCAGATGCTGATTTATCTGGTTACACTCATGATGGTTCTTTC CAACAATTTGCGACCGCTGATGCTATTCAAGCCGCCAAAATTCAACAGGGTACCGAC TTGGCCGAAGTAGCCCCAATATTATGTGCTGGTGTTACTGTATATAAAGCACTAAAA GAGGCAGACTTGAAAGCTGGTGACTGGGTTGCCATCTCTGGTGCTGCAGGTGGCTT GGGTTCCTTGGCCGTTCAATATGCAACTGCGATGGGTTACAGAGTTCTAGGTATTGA TGCAGGTGAGGAAAAGGAAAAACTTTTCAAGAAATTGGGGGGTGAAGTATTCATCGA CTTTACTAAAACAAAGAATATGGTTTCTGACATTCAAGAAGCTACCAAAGGTGGCCC TCATGGTGTCATTAACGTTTCCGTTTCTGAAGCCGCTATTTCTCTATCTACGGAATAT GTTAGACCATGTGGTACCGTCGTTTTGGTTGGTTTGCCCGCTAACGCCTACGTTAAA TCAGAGGTATTCTCTCATGTGGTGAAGTCCATCAATATCAAGGGTTCTTATGTTGGTA ACAGAGCTGATACGAGAGAAGCCTTAGACTTCTTTAGCAGAGGTTTGATCAAATCAC CAATCAAAATTGTTGGATTATCTGAATTACCAAAGGTTTATGACTTGATGGAAAAGGG CAAGATTTTGGGTAGATACGTCGTCGATACTAGTAAATAA SEQ ID NO: 31 Protein sequence from Alcohol dehydrogenase  isoenzyme type IV (ADH4) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MSSVTGFYIPPISFFGEGALEETADYIKNKDYKKALIVTDPGIAAIGLSGRVQKMLEERDL NVAIYDKTQPNPNIANVTAGLKVLKEQNSEIVVSIGGGSAHDNAKAIALLATNGGEIGDYE GVNQSKKAALPLFAINTTAGTASEMTRFTIISNEEKKIKMAIIDNNVTPAVAVNDPSTMFGL PPALTAATGLDALTHCIEAYVSTASNPITDACALKGIDLINESLVAAYKDGKDKKARTDMC YAEYLAGMAFNNASLGYVHALAHQLGGFYHLPHGVCNAVLLPHVQEANMQCPKAKKRL GEIALHFGASQEDPEETIKALHVLNRTMNIPRNLKELGVKTEDFEILAEHAMHDACHLTN PVQFTKEQVVAIIKKAYEY SEQ ID NO: 32 DNA sequence encoding Alcohol dehydrogenase  isoenzyme type IV (ADH4) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGTCTTCCGTTACTGGGTTTTACATTCCACCAATCTCTTTCTTTGGTGAAGGTGCTTT AGAAGAAACCGCTGATTACATCAAAAACAAGGATTACAAAAAGGCTTTGATCGTTACT GATCCTGGTATTGCAGCTATTGGTCTCTCCGGTAGAGTCCAAAAGATGTTGGAAGAA CGTGACTTAAACGTTGCTATCTATGACAAAACTCAACCAAACCCAAATATTGCCAATG TCACAGCTGGTTTGAAGGTTTTGAAGGAACAAAACTCTGAAATTGTTGTTTCCATTGG TGGTGGTTCTGCTCACGACAATGCTAAGGCCATTGCTTTATTGGCTACTAACGGTGG GGAAATCGGAGACTATGAAGGTGTCAATCAATCTAAGAAGGCTGCTTTACCACTATTT GCCATCAACACTACTGCTGGTACTGCTTCCGAAATGACCAGATTCACTATTATCTCTA ATGAAGAAAAGAAAATCAAGATGGCTATCATTGACAACAACGTCACTCCAGCTGTTGC TGTCAACGATCCATCTACCATGTTTGGTTTGCCACCTGCTTTGACTGCTGCTACTGGT CTAGATGCTTTGACTCACTGTATCGAAGCTTATGTTTCCACCGCCTCTAACCCAATCA CCGATGCCTGTGCTTTGAAGGGTATTGATTTGATCAATGAAAGCTTAGTCGCTGCATA CAAAGACGGTAAAGACAAGAAGGCCAGAACTGACATGTGTTACGCTGAATACTTGGC AGGTATGGCTTTCAACAATGCTTCTCTAGGTTATGTTCATGCCCTTGCTCATCAACTT GGTGGTTTCTACCACTTGCCTCATGGTGTTTGTAACGCTGTCTTGTTGCCTCATGTTC AAGAGGCCAACATGCAATGTCCAAAGGCCAAGAAGAGATTAGGTGAAATTGCTTTGC ATTTCGGTGCTTCTCAAGAAGATCCAGAAGAAACCATCAAGGCTTTGCACGTTTTAAA CAGAACCATGAACATTCCAAGAAACTTGAAAGAATTAGGTGTTAAAACCGAAGATTTT GAAATTTTGGCTGAACACGCCATGCATGATGCCTGCCATTTGACTAACCCAGTTCAAT TCACCAAAGAACAAGTGGTTGCCATTATCAAGAAAGCCTATGAATATTAA SEQ ID NO: 33 Protein sequence from Cytosolic aldehyde  dehydrogenase (ALD6) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MTKLHFDTAEPVKITLPNGLTYEQPTGLFINNKFMKAQDGKTYPVEDPSTENTVCEVSSA TTEDVEYAIECADRAFHDTEWATQDPRERGRLLSKLADELESQIDLVSSIEALDNGKTLA LARGDVTIAINCLRDAAAYADKVNGRTINTGDGYMNFTTLEPIGVCGQIIPWNFPIMMLA WKIAPALAMGNVCILKPAAVTPLNALYFASLCKKVGIPAGVVNIVPGPGRTVGAALTNDP RIRKLAFTGSTEVGKSVAVDSSESNLKKITLELGGKSAHLVFDDANIKKTLPNLVNGIFKN AGQICSSGSRIYVQEGIYDELLAAFKAYLETEIKVGNPFDKANFQGAITNRQQFDTIMNYI DIGKKEGAKILTGGEKVGDKGYFIRPTVFYDVNEDMRIVKEEIFGPVVTVAKFKTLEEGVE MANSSEFGLGSGIETESLSTGLKVAKMLKAGTVWINTYNDFDSRVPFGGVKQSGYGRE MGEEVYHAYTEVKAVRIKL SEQ ID NO: 34 DNA sequence encoding Cytosolic aldehyde  dehydrogenase (ALD6) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGACTAAGCTACACTTTGACACTGCTGAACCAGTCAAGATCACACTTCCAAATGGT TTGACATACGAGCAACCAACCGGTCTATTCATTAACAACAAGTTTATGAAAGCTCAA GACGGTAAGACCTATCCCGTCGAAGATCCTTCCACTGAAAACACCGTTTGTGAGGT CTCTTCTGCCACCACTGAAGATGTTGAATATGCTATCGAATGTGCCGACCGTGCTTT CCACGACACTGAATGGGCTACCCAAGACCCAAGAGAAAGAGGCCGTCTACTAAGTA AGTTGGCTGACGAATTGGAAAGCCAAATTGACTTGGTTTCTTCCATTGAAGCTTTGG ACAATGGTAAAACTTTGGCCTTAGCCCGTGGGGATGTTACCATTGCAATCAACTGTC TAAGAGATGCTGCTGCCTATGCCGACAAAGTCAACGGTAGAACAATCAACACCGGT GACGGCTACATGAACTTCACCACCTTAGAGCCAATCGGTGTCTGTGGTCAAATTATT CCATGGAACTTTCCAATAATGATGTTGGCTTGGAAGATCGCCCCAGCATTGGCCATG GGTAACGTCTGTATCTTGAAACCCGCTGCTGTCACACCTTTAAATGCCCTATACTTT GCTTCTTTATGTAAGAAGGTTGGTATTCCAGCTGGTGTCGTCAACATCGTTCCAGGT CCTGGTAGAACTGTTGGTGCTGCTTTGACCAACGACCCAAGAATCAGAAAGCTGGC TTTTACCGGTTCTACAGAAGTCGGTAAGAGTGTTGCTGTCGACTCTTCTGAATCTAA CTTGAAGAAAATCACTTTGGAACTAGGTGGTAAGTCCGCCCATTTGGTCTTTGACGA TGCTAACATTAAGAAGACTTTACCAAATCTAGTAAACGGTATTTTCAAGAACGCTGGT CAAATTTGTTCCTCTGGTTCTAGAATTTACGTTCAAGAAGGTATTTACGACGAACTAT TGGCTGCTTTCAAGGCTTACTTGGAAACCGAAATCAAAGTTGGTAATCCATTTGACA AGGCTAACTTCCAAGGTGCTATCACTAACCGTCAACAATTCGACACAATTATGAACT ACATCGATATCGGTAAGAAAGAAGGCGCCAAGATCTTAACTGGTGGCGAAAAAGTT GGTGACAAGGGTTACTTCATCAGACCAACCGTTTTCTACGATGTTAATGAAGACATG AGAATTGTTAAGGAAGAAATTTTTGGACCAGTTGTCACTGTCGCAAAGTTCAAGACTT TAGAAGAAGGTGTCGAAATGGCTAACAGCTCTGAATTCGGTCTAGGTTCTGGTATCG AAACAGAATCTTTGAGCACAGGTTTGAAGGTGGCCAAGATGTTGAAGGCCGGTACC GTCTGGATCAACACATACAACGATTTTGACTCCAGAGTTCCATTCGGTGGTGTTAAG CAATCTGGTTACGGTAGAGAAATGGGTGAAGAAGTCTACCATGCATACACTGAAGTA AAAGCTGTCAGAATTAAGTTGTAA SEQ ID NO: 35 Protein sequence from NAD-dependent  (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH1) of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae MRALAYFKKGDIHFTNDIPRPEIQTDDEVIIDVSWCGICGSDLHEYLDGPIFMPKDGECHK LSNAALPLAMGHEMSGIVSKVGPKVTKVKVGDHVVVDAASSCADLHCWPHSKFYNSKP CDACQRGSENLCTHAGFVGLGVISGGFAEQVVVSQHHIIPVPKEIPLDVAALVEPLSVTW HAVKISGFKKGSSALVLGAGPIGLCTILVLKGMGASKIVVSEIAERRIEMAKKLGVEVFNP SKHGHKSIEILRGLTKSHDGFDYSYDCSGIQVTFETSLKALTFKGTATNIAVWGPKPVPF QPMDVTLQEKVMTGSIGYVVEDFEEVVRAIHNGDIAMEDCKQLITGKQRIEDGWEKGFQ ELMDHKESNVKILLTPNNHGEMK SEQ ID NO: 36 DNA sequence encoding NAD-dependent  (R,R)-butanediol dehydrogenase (BDH1) of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGAGAGCTTTGGCATATTTCAAGAAGGGTGATATTCACTTCACTAATGATATCCCTA GGCCAGAAATCCAAACCGACGATGAGGTTATTATCGACGTCTCTTGGTGTGGGATTT GTGGCTCGGATCTTCACGAGTACTTGGATGGTCCAATCTTCATGCCTAAAGATGGAG AGTGCCATAAATTATCCAACGCTGCTTTACCTCTGGCAATGGGCCATGAGATGTCAG GAATTGTTTCCAAGGTTGGTCCTAAAGTGACAAAGGTGAAGGTTGGCGACCACGTGG TCGTTGATGCTGCCAGCAGTTGTGCGGACCTGCATTGCTGGCCACACTCCAAATTTT ACAATTCCAAACCATGTGATGCTTGTCAGAGGGGCAGTGAAAATCTATGTACCCACG CCGGTTTTGTAGGACTAGGTGTGATCAGTGGTGGCTTTGCTGAACAAGTCGTAGTCT CTCAACATCACATTATCCCGGTTCCAAAGGAAATTCCTCTAGATGTGGCTGCTTTAGT TGAGCCTCTTTCTGTCACCTGGCATGCTGTTAAGATTTCTGGTTTCAAAAAAGGCAGT TCAGCCTTGGTTCTTGGTGCAGGTCCCATTGGGTTGTGTACCATTTTGGTACTTAAG GGAATGGGGGCTAGTAAAATTGTAGTGTCTGAAATTGCAGAGAGAAGAATAGAAATG GCCAAGAAACTGGGCGTTGAGGTGTTCAATCCCTCCAAGCACGGTCATAAATCTATA GAGATACTACGTGGTTTGACCAAGAGCCATGATGGGTTTGATTACAGTTATGATTGTT CTGGTATTCAAGTTACTTTCGAAACCTCTTTGAAGGCATTAACATTCAAGGGGACAGC CACCAACATTGCAGTTTGGGGTCCAAAACCTGTCCCATTCCAACCAATGGATGTGAC TCTCCAAGAGAAAGTTATGACTGGTTCGATCGGCTATGTTGTCGAAGACTTCGAAGA AGTTGTTCGTGCCATCCACAACGGAGACATCGCCATGGAAGATTGTAAGCAACTAAT CACTGGTAAGCAAAGGATTGAGGACGGTTGGGAAAAGGGATTCCAAGAGTTGATGG ATCACAAGGAATCCAACGTTAAGATTCTATTGACGCCTAACAATCACGGTGAAATGAA GTAA SEQ ID NO: 37 Protein sequence from Putative medium-chain  alcohol dehydrogenase with similarity to BDH2 (BDH2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MRALAYFGKGNIRFTNHLKEPHIVAPDELVIDIEWCGICGTDLHEYTDGPIFFPEDGHTHE ISHNPLPQAMGHEMAGTVLEVGPGVKNLKVGDKVVVEPTGTCRDRYRWPLSPNVDKE WCAACKKGYYNICSYLGLCGAGVQSGGFAERVVMNESHCYKVPDFVPLDVAALIQPLA VCWHAIRVCEFKAGSTALIIGAGPIGLGTILALNAAGCKDIVVSEPAKVRRELAEKMGARV YDPTAHAAKESIDYLRSIADGGDGFDYTFDCSGLEVTLNAAIQCLTFRGTAVNLAMWGH HKIQFSPMDITLHERKYTGSMCYTHHDFEAVIEALEEGRIDIDRARHMITGRVNIEDGLDG AIMKLINEKESTIKIILTPNNHGELNREADNEKKEISELSSRKDQERLRESINEAKLRHT SEQ ID NO: 38 DNA sequence encoding Putative medium-chain  alcohol dehydrogenase with similarity to BDH2 (BDH2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGAGAGCCTTAGCGTATTTCGGTAAAGGTAACATCAGATTCACCAACCATTTAAAGG AGCCACATATTGTGGCGCCCGATGAGCTTGTGATTGATATCGAATGGTGTGGTATTT GCGGTACGGACCTGCATGAGTACACAGATGGTCCTATCTTTTTCCCAGAAGATGGAC ACACACATGAGATTAGTCATAACCCATTGCCACAGGCGATGGGCCACGAAATGGCTG GTACCGTTTTGGAGGTGGGCCCTGGTGTGAAAAACTTGAAAGTGGGAGACAAGGTA GTTGTCGAGCCCACAGGTACATGCAGAGACCGGTATCGTTGGCCCCTGTCGCCAAA CGTTGACAAGGAATGGTGCGCTGCTTGCAAAAAGGGCTACTATAACATTTGTTCATAT TTGGGGCTTTGTGGTGCGGGTGTGCAGAGCGGTGGATTTGCAGAACGTGTTGTGAT GAACGAATCTCACTGCTACAAAGTACCGGACTTCGTGCCCTTAGACGTTGCAGCTTT GATTCAACCGTTGGCTGTGTGCTGGCATGCAATTAGAGTCTGCGAGTTCAAAGCAGG CTCTACGGCTTTGATCATTGGTGCTGGCCCCATCGGACTGGGCACGATACTGGCGTT GAACGCTGCAGGTTGCAAGGACATCGTCGTTTCAGAGCCTGCCAAGGTAAGAAGAG AACTGGCTGAAAAAATGGGTGCCAGGGTTTACGACCCAACTGCGCACGCTGCCAAG GAGAGCATTGATTATCTGAGGTCGATTGCTGATGGTGGAGACGGCTTCGATTACACA TTTGATTGCTCCGGGTTGGAAGTCACATTGAATGCTGCTATTCAGTGTCTCACTTTCA GAGGCACCGCAGTGAACTTGGCCATGTGGGGCCATCACAAGATACAGTTTTCTCCG ATGGACATCACATTGCATGAAAGAAAGTACACAGGGTCCATGTGCTACACACACCAC GATTTTGAGGCAGTAATAGAAGCTTTGGAAGAAGGCAGGATTGACATTGATAGAGCA AGACATATGATAACGGGCAGAGTCAACATTGAGGACGGCCTTGATGGCGCCATCAT GAAGCTGATAAACGAGAAGGAGTCTACAATCAAGATTATTCTGACTCCAAACAATCAC GGAGAGTTGAACAGGGAAGCCGATAATGAGAAGAAAGAAATTTCCGAGCTGAGCAG TCGGAAAGATCAAGAAAGACTACGAGAATCAATAAACGAGGCTAAACTGCGTCACAC ATGA SEQ ID NO: 39 Protein sequence from 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA  dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase (FOX2) of  Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPGNLSFKDRVVVITGAGGGLGKVYALAYASRGAKVVVNDLGGTLGGSGHNSKAADLV VDEIKKAGGIAVANYDSVNENGEKIIETAIKEFGRVDVLINNAGILRDVSFAKMTEREFASV VDVHLTGGYKLSRAAWPYMRSQKFGRIINTASPAGLFGNFGQANYSAAKMGLVGLAET LAKEGAKYNINVNSIAPLARSRMTENVLPPHILKQLGPEKIVPLVLYLTHESTKVSNSIFEL AAGFFGQLRWERSSGQIFNPDPKTYTPEAILNKWKEITDYRDKPFNKTQHPYQLSDYND LITKAKKLPPNEQGSVKIKSLCNKVVVVTGAGGGLGKSHAIWFARYGAKVVVNDIKDPFS VVEEINKLYGEGTAIPDSHDVVTEAPLIIQTAISKFQRVDILVNNAGILRDKSFLKMKDEEW FAVLKVHLFSTFSLSKAVWPIFTKQKSGFIINTTSTSGIYGNFGQANYAAAKAAILGFSKTI ALEGAKRGIIVNVIAPHAETAMTKTIFSEKELSNHFDASQVSPLVVLLASEELQKYSGRRV IGQLFEVGGGWCGQTRWQRSSGYVSIKETIEPEEIKENWNHITDFSRNTINPSSTEESS MATLQAVQKAHSSKELDDGLFKYTTKDCILYNLGLGCTSKELKYTYENDPDFQVLPTFA VIPFMQATATLAMDNLVDNFNYAMLLHGEQYFKLCTPTMPSNGTLKTLAKPLQVLDKNG KAALVVGGFETYDIKTKKLIAYNEGSFFIRGAHVPPEKEVRDGKRAKFAVQNFEVPHGKV PDFEAEISTNKDQAALYRLSGDFNPLHIDPTLAKAVKFPTPILHGLCTLGISAKALFEHYG PYEELKVRFTNVVFPGDTLKVKAWKQGSVVVFQTIDTTRNVIVLDNAAVKLSQAKSKL SEQ ID NO: 40 DNA sequence encoding 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA  dehydrogenase and enoyl-CoA hydratase (FOX2) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGCCTGGAAATTTATCCTTCAAAGATAGAGTTGTTGTAATCACGGGCGCTGGAGGG GGCTTAGGTAAGGTGTATGCACTAGCTTACGCAAGCAGAGGTGCAAAAGTGGTCGT CAATGATCTAGGTGGCACTTTGGGTGGTTCAGGACATAACTCCAAAGCTGCAGACTT AGTGGTGGATGAGATAAAAAAAGCCGGAGGTATAGCTGTGGCAAATTACGACTCTGT TAATGAAAATGGAGAGAAAATAATTGAAACGGCTATAAAAGAATTCGGCAGGGTTGAT GTACTAATTAACAACGCTGGAATATTAAGGGATGTTTCATTTGCAAAGATGACAGAAC GTGAGTTTGCATCTGTGGTAGATGTTCATTTGACAGGTGGCTATAAGCTATCGCGTG CTGCTTGGCCTTATATGCGCTCTCAGAAATTTGGTAGAATCATTAACACCGCTTCCCC TGCCGGTCTATTTGGAAATTTTGGTCAAGCTAATTATTCAGCAGCTAAAATGGGCTTA GTTGGTTTGGCGGAAACCCTCGCGAAGGAGGGTGCCAAATACAACATTAATGTTAAT TCAATTGCGCCATTGGCTAGATCACGTATGACAGAAAACGTGTTACCACCACATATCT TGAAACAGTTAGGACCGGAAAAAATTGTTCCCTTAGTACTCTATTTGACACACGAAAG TACGAAAGTGTCAAACTCCATTTTTGAACTCGCTGCTGGATTCTTTGGACAGCTCAGA TGGGAGAGGTCTTCTGGACAAATTTTCAATCCAGACCCCAAGACATATACTCCTGAA GCAATTTTAAATAAGTGGAAGGAAATCACAGACTATAGGGACAAGCCATTTAACAAAA CTCAGCATCCATATCAACTCTCGGATTATAATGATTTAATCACCAAAGCAAAAAAATTA CCTCCCAATGAACAAGGCTCAGTGAAAATCAAGTCGCTTTGCAACAAAGTCGTAGTA GTTACGGGTGCAGGAGGTGGTCTTGGGAAGTCTCATGCAATCTGGTTTGCACGGTA CGGTGCGAAGGTAGTTGTAAATGACATCAAGGATCCTTTTTCAGTTGTTGAAGAAATA AATAAACTATATGGTGAAGGCACAGCCATTCCAGATTCCCATGATGTGGTCACCGAA GCTCCTCTCATTATCCAAACTGCAATAAGTAAGTTTCAGAGAGTAGACATCTTGGTCA ATAACGCTGGTATTTTGCGTGACAAATCTTTTTTAAAAATGAAAGATGAGGAATGGTTT GCTGTCCTGAAAGTCCACCTTTTTTCCACATTTTCATTGTCAAAAGCAGTATGGCCAA TATTTACCAAACAAAAGTCTGGATTTATTATCAATACTACTTCTACCTCAGGAATTTAT GGTAATTTTGGACAGGCCAATTATGCCGCTGCAAAAGCCGCCATTTTAGGATTCAGT AAAACTATTGCACTGGAAGGTGCCAAGAGAGGAATTATTGTTAATGTTATCGCTCCTC ATGCAGAAACGGCTATGACAAAGACTATATTCTCGGAGAAGGAATTATCAAACCACTT TGATGCATCTCAAGTCTCCCCACTTGTTGTTTTGTTGGCATCTGAAGAACTACAAAAG TATTCTGGAAGAAGGGTTATTGGCCAATTATTCGAAGTTGGCGGTGGTTGGTGTGGG CAAACCAGATGGCAAAGAAGTTCCGGTTATGTTTCTATTAAAGAGACTATTGAACCGG AAGAAATTAAAGAAAATTGGAACCACATCACTGATTTCAGTCGCAACACTATCAACCC GAGCTCCACAGAGGAGTCTTCTATGGCAACCTTGCAAGCCGTGCAAAAAGCGCACT CTTCAAAGGAGTTGGATGATGGATTATTCAAGTACACTACCAAGGATTGTATCTTGTA CAATTTAGGACTTGGATGCACAAGCAAAGAGCTTAAGTACACCTACGAGAATGATCC AGACTTCCAAGTTTTGCCCACGTTCGCCGTCATTCCATTTATGCAAGCTACTGCCACA CTAGCTATGGACAATTTAGTCGATAACTTCAATTATGCAATGTTACTGCATGGAGAAC AATATTTTAAGCTCTGCACGCCGACAATGCCAAGTAATGGAACTCTAAAGACACTTGC TAAACCTTTACAAGTACTTGACAAGAATGGTAAAGCCGCTTTAGTTGTTGGTGGCTTC GAAACTTATGACATTAAAACTAAGAAACTCATAGCTTATAACGAAGGATCGTTCTTCAT CAGGGGCGCACATGTACCTCCAGAAAAGGAAGTGAGGGATGGGAAAAGAGCCAAGT TTGCTGTCCAAAATTTTGAAGTGCCACATGGAAAGGTACCAGATTTTGAGGCGGAGA TTTCTACGAATAAAGATCAAGCCGCATTGTACAGGTTATCTGGCGATTTCAATCCTTT ACATATCGATCCCACGCTAGCCAAAGCAGTTAAATTTCCTACGCCAATTCTGCATGG GCTTTGTACATTAGGTATTAGTGCGAAAGCATTGTTTGAACATTATGGTCCATATGAG GAGTTGAAAGTGAGATTTACCAATGTTGTTTTCCCAGGTGATACTCTAAAGGTTAAAG CTTGGAAGCAAGGCTCGGTTGTCGTTTTTCAAACAATTGATACGACCAGAAACGTCAT TGTATTGGATAACGCCGCTGTAAAACTATCGCAGGCAAAATCTAAACTATAA SEQ ID NO: 41 Protein sequence from Glycerol dehydrogenase (GCY1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPATLHDSTKILSLNTGAQIPQIGLGTWQSKENDAYKAVLTALKDGYRHIDTAAIYRNED QVGQAIKDSGVPREEIFVTTKLWCTQHHEPEVALDQSLKRLGLDYVDLYLMHWPARLD PAYIKNEDILSVPTKKDGSRAVDITNWNFIKTWELMQELPKTGKTKAVGVSNFSINNLKDL LASQGNKLTPAANQVEIHPLLPQDELINFCKSKGIVVEAYSPLGSTDAPLLKEPVILEIAKK NNVQPGHVVISWHVQRGYVVLPKSVNPDRIKTNRKIFTLSTEDFEAINNISKEKGEKRVV HPNWSPFEVFK SEQ ID NO: 42 DNA sequence encoding Glycerol dehydrogenase (GCY1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGCCTGCTACTTTACATGATTCTACGAAAATCCTTTCTCTAAATACTGGAGCCCAAAT CCCTCAAATAGGTTTAGGTACGTGGCAGTCGAAAGAGAACGATGCTTATAAGGCTGT TTTAACCGCTTTGAAAGATGGCTACCGACACATTGATACTGCTGCTATTTACCGTAAT GAAGACCAAGTCGGTCAAGCCATCAAGGATTCAGGTGTTCCTCGGGAAGAAATCTTT GTTACTACAAAGTTATGGTGTACACAACACCACGAACCTGAAGTAGCGCTGGATCAA TCACTAAAGAGGTTAGGATTGGACTACGTAGACTTATATTTGATGCATTGGCCTGCCA GATTAGATCCAGCCTACATCAAAAATGAAGACATCTTGAGTGTGCCAACAAAGAAGG ATGGTTCTCGTGCAGTGGATATCACCAATTGGAATTTCATCAAAACCTGGGAATTAAT GCAGGAACTACCAAAGACTGGTAAAACTAAGGCCGTTGGAGTCTCCAACTTTTCTAT AAATAACCTGAAAGATCTATTAGCATCTCAAGGTAATAAGCTTACGCCAGCTGCTAAC CAAGTCGAAATACATCCATTACTACCTCAAGACGAATTGATTAATTTTTGTAAAAGTAA AGGCATTGTGGTTGAAGCTTATTCTCCGTTAGGTAGTACCGATGCTCCACTATTGAAG GAACCGGTTATCCTTGAAATTGCGAAGAAAAATAACGTTCAACCCGGACACGTTGTTA TTAGCTGGCACGTCCAAAGAGGTTATGTTGTCTTGCCAAAATCTGTGAATCCCGATC GAATCAAAACGAACAGGAAAATATTTACTTTGTCTACTGAGGACTTTGAAGCTATCAA TAACATATCGAAGGAAAAGGGCGAAAAAAGGGTTGTACATCCAAATTGGTCTCCTTTC GAAGTATTCAAGTAA SEQ ID NO: 43 Protein sequence from Glyoxylate reductase  (GOR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSKKPIVLKLGKDAFGDQAWGELEKIADVITIPESTTREQFLREVKDPQNKLSQVQVITRT ARSVKNTGRFDEELALALPSSVVAVCHTGAGYDQIDVEPFKKRHIQVANVPDLVSNATA DTHVFLLLGALRNFGIGNRRLIEGNWPEAGPACGSPFGYDPEGKTVGILGLGRIGRCILE RLKPFGFENFIYHNRHQLPSEEEHGCEYVGFEEFLKRSDIVSVNVPLNHNTHHLINAETIE KMKDGVVIVNTARGAVIDEQAMTDALRSGKIRSAGLDVFEYEPKISKELLSMSQVLGLPH MGTHSVETRKKMEELVVENAKNVILTGKVLTIVPELQNEDWPNESKPLV SEQ ID NO: 44 DNA sequence encoding Glyoxylate reductase  (GOR1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGAGTAAGAAACCAATTGTTTTGAAATTAGGAAAGGATGCCTTTGGTGACCAAGCC TGGGGGGAATTGGAAAAGATTGCGGATGTAATTACCATCCCTGAATCCACCACTAGA GAACAGTTTTTGCGGGAGGTAAAAGACCCACAAAATAAGCTCTCCCAAGTACAAGTC ATTACTAGAACAGCAAGGAGTGTGAAAAACACCGGTAGATTTGATGAAGAGCTTGCT CTTGCTTTGCCCTCCTCCGTAGTGGCTGTATGTCATACTGGTGCTGGTTATGACCAA ATTGATGTTGAGCCATTCAAGAAAAGGCACATCCAGGTTGCCAATGTTCCTGATTTA GTTAGCAATGCTACCGCTGATACGCATGTATTTTTGCTATTGGGTGCCCTAAGAAAC TTCGGTATTGGTAACAGAAGGTTGATCGAGGGAAACTGGCCGGAGGCAGGACCCG CATGTGGTTCTCCCTTTGGATACGACCCTGAAGGGAAAACAGTTGGTATACTGGGTC TAGGTAGGATTGGTCGTTGTATTTTAGAGAGATTGAAGCCGTTTGGGTTCGAGAATT TCATATATCATAACAGACACCAGCTTCCTTCCGAAGAAGAGCATGGTTGTGAATATG TAGGATTCGAGGAGTTTTTGAAGCGTTCTGATATAGTATCTGTAAACGTCCCACTGA ACCACAATACTCACCATCTAATCAATGCAGAGACTATTGAAAAAATGAAAGATGGTGT AGTTATTGTTAACACAGCGCGTGGTGCCGTGATAGACGAACAAGCCATGACTGATG CTTTGCGTTCTGGAAAGATTAGAAGTGCTGGTTTGGACGTTTTCGAATATGAGCCAA AAATATCCAAAGAGTTATTATCGATGTCCCAAGTCTTAGGACTGCCTCATATGGGCA CACATAGTGTAGAAACAAGAAAGAAAATGGAAGAACTGGTCGTTGAAAATGCAAAGA ATGTGATATTGACCGGGAAAGTCTTGACTATTGTTCCGGAATTACAAAATGAAGACT GGCCCAATGAATCTAAGCCATTAGTTTGA SEQ ID NO: 45 Protein sequence from NAD-dependent glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MSAAADRLNLTSGHLNAGRKRSSSSVSLKAAEKPFKVTVIGSGNWGTTIAKVVAENCKG YPEVFAPIVQMWVFEEEINGEKLTEIINTRHQNVKYLPGITLPDNLVANPDLIDSVKDVDII VFNIPHQFLPRICSQLKGHVDSHVRAISCLKGFEVGAKGVQLLSSYITEELGIQCGALSGA NIATEVAQEHWSETTVAYHIPKDFRGEGKDVDHKVLKALFHRPYFHVSVIEDVAGISICG ALKNVVALGCGFVEGLGWGNNASAAIQRVGLGEIIRFGQMFFPESREETYYQESAGVA DLITTCAGGRNVKVARLMATSGKDAWECEKELLNGQSAQGLITCKEVHEWLETCGSVE DFPLFEAVYQIVYNNYPMKNLPDMIEELDLHED SEQ ID NO: 46 DNA sequence encoding NAD-dependent glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD1) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGTCTGCTGCTGCTGATAGATTAAACTTAACTTCCGGCCACTTGAATGCTGGTAGAA AGAGAAGTTCCTCTTCTGTTTCTTTGAAGGCTGCCGAAAAGCCTTTCAAGGTTACTGT GATTGGATCTGGTAACTGGGGTACTACTATTGCCAAGGTGGTTGCCGAAAATTGTAA GGGATACCCAGAAGTTTTCGCTCCAATAGTACAAATGTGGGTGTTCGAAGAAGAGAT CAATGGTGAAAAATTGACTGAAATCATAAATACTAGACATCAAAACGTGAAATACTTG CCTGGCATCACTCTACCCGACAATTTGGTTGCTAATCCAGACTTGATTGATTCAGTCA AGGATGTCGACATCATCGTTTTCAACATTCCACATCAATTTTTGCCCCGTATCTGTAG CCAATTGAAAGGTCATGTTGATTCACACGTCAGAGCTATCTCCTGTCTAAAGGGTTTT GAAGTTGGTGCTAAAGGTGTCCAATTGCTATCCTCTTACATCACTGAGGAACTAGGTA TTCAATGTGGTGCTCTATCTGGTGCTAACATTGCCACCGAAGTCGCTCAAGAACACT GGTCTGAAACAACAGTTGCTTACCACATTCCAAAGGATTTCAGAGGCGAGGGCAAGG ACGTCGACCATAAGGTTCTAAAGGCCTTGTTCCACAGACCTTACTTCCACGTTAGTGT CATCGAAGATGTTGCTGGTATCTCCATCTGTGGTGCTTTGAAGAACGTTGTTGCCTTA GGTTGTGGTTTCGTCGAAGGTCTAGGCTGGGGTAACAACGCTTCTGCTGCCATCCAA AGAGTCGGTTTGGGTGAGATCATCAGATTCGGTCAAATGTTTTTCCCAGAATCTAGA GAAGAAACATACTACCAAGAGTCTGCTGGTGTTGCTGATTTGATCACCACCTGCGCT GGTGGTAGAAACGTCAAGGTTGCTAGGCTAATGGCTACTTCTGGTAAGGACGCCTG GGAATGTGAAAAGGAGTTGTTGAATGGCCAATCCGCTCAAGGTTTAATTACCTGCAA AGAAGTTCACGAATGGTTGGAAACATGTGGCTCTGTCGAAGACTTCCCATTATTTGAA GCCGTATACCAAATCGTTTACAACAACTACCCAATGAAGAACCTGCCGGACATGATT GAAGAATTAGATCTACATGAAGATTAG SEQ ID NO: 47 Protein sequence from Multifunctional enzyme  containing phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase,  phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase, and histidinol  dehydrogenase activities (HIS4) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MVLPILPLIDDLASWNSKKEYVSLVGQVLLDGSSLSNEEILQFSKEEEVPLVALSLPSGKF SDDEIIAFLNNGVSSLFIASQDAKTAEHLVEQLNVPKERVVVEENGVFSNQFMVKQKFSQ DKIVSIKKLSKDMLTKEVLGEVRTDRPDGLYTTLVVDQYERCLGLVYSSKKSIAKAIDLGR GVYYSRSRNEIWIKGETSGNGQKLLQISTDCDSDALKFIVEQENVGFCHLETMSCFGEF KHGLVGLESLLKQRLQDAPEESYTRRLFNDSALLDAKIKEEAEELTEAKGKKELSWEAA DLFYFALAKLVANDVSLKDVENNLNMKHLKVTRRKGDAKPKFVGQPKAEEEKLTGPIHL DVVKASDKVGVQKALSRPIQKTSEIMHLVNPIIENVRDKGNSALLEYTEKFDGVKLSNPV LNAPFPEEYFEGLTEEMKEALDLSIENVRKFHAAQLPTETLEVETQPGVLCSRFPRPIEK VGLYIPGGTAILPSTALMLGVPAQVAQCKEIVFASPPRKSDGKVSPEVVYVAEKVGASKI VLAGGAQAVAAMAYGTETIPKVDKILGPGNQFVTAAKMYVQNDTQALCSIDMPAGPSEV LVIADEDADVDFVASDLLSQAEHGIDSQVILVGVNLSEKKIQEIQDAVHNQALQLPRVDIV RKCIAHSTIVLCDGYEEALEMSNQYAPEHLILQIANANDYVKLVDNAGSVFVGAYTPESC GDYSSGTNHTLPTYGYARQYSGANTATFQKFITAQNITPEGLENIGRAVMCVAKKEGLD GHRNAVKIRMSKLGLIPKDFQ SEQ ID NO: 48 DNA sequence Multifunctional enzyme containing  phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphatase, phosphoribosyl- AMP cyclohydrolase, and histidinol dehydrogenase  activities (HIS4) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGGTTTTGCCGATTCTACCGTTAATTGATGATCTGGCCTCATGGAATAGTAAGAAG GAATACGTTTCACTTGTTGGTCAGGTACTTTTGGATGGCTCGAGCCTGAGTAATGAA GAGATTCTCCAGTTCTCCAAAGAGGAAGAAGTTCCATTGGTGGCTTTGTCCTTGCCA AGTGGTAAATTCAGCGATGATGAAATCATTGCCTTCTTGAACAACGGAGTTTCTTCTC TGTTCATTGCTAGCCAAGATGCTAAAACAGCCGAACACTTGGTTGAACAATTGAATG TACCAAAGGAGCGTGTTGTTGTGGAAGAGAACGGTGTTTTCTCCAATCAATTCATGG TAAAACAAAAATTCTCGCAAGATAAAATTGTGTCCATAAAGAAATTAAGCAAGGATAT GTTGACCAAAGAAGTGCTTGGTGAAGTACGTACAGACCGTCCTGACGGTTTATATAC CACCCTAGTTGTCGACCAATATGAGCGTTGTCTAGGGTTGGTGTATTCTTCGAAGAA ATCTATAGCAAAGGCCATCGATTTGGGTCGTGGCGTTTATTATTCTCGTTCTAGGAA TGAAATCTGGATCAAGGGTGAAACTTCTGGCAATGGCCAAAAGCTTTTACAAATCTC TACTGACTGTGATTCGGATGCCTTAAAGTTTATCGTTGAACAAGAAAACGTTGGATTT TGCCACTTGGAGACCATGTCTTGCTTTGGTGAATTCAAGCATGGTTTGGTGGGGCTA GAATCTTTACTAAAACAAAGGCTACAGGACGCTCCAGAGGAATCTTATACTAGAAGA CTATTCAACGACTCTGCATTGTTAGATGCCAAGATCAAGGAAGAAGCTGAAGAACTG ACTGAGGCAAAGGGTAAGAAGGAGCTTTCTTGGGAGGCTGCCGATTTGTTCTACTTT GCACTGGCCAAATTAGTGGCCAACGATGTTTCATTGAAGGACGTCGAGAATAATCTG AATATGAAGCATCTGAAGGTTACAAGACGGAAAGGTGATGCTAAGCCAAAGTTTGTT GGACAACCAAAGGCTGAAGAAGAAAAACTGACCGGTCCAATTCACTTGGACGTGGT GAAGGCTTCCGACAAAGTTGGTGTGCAGAAGGCTTTGAGCAGACCAATCCAAAAGA CTTCTGAAATTATGCATTTAGTCAATCCGATCATCGAAAATGTTAGAGACAAAGGTAA CTCTGCCCTTTTGGAGTACACAGAAAAGTTTGATGGTGTAAAATTATCCAATCCTGTT CTTAATGCTCCATTCCCAGAAGAATACTTTGAAGGTTTAACCGAGGAAATGAAGGAA GCTTTGGACCTTTCAATTGAAAACGTCCGCAAATTCCATGCTGCTCAATTGCCAACA GAGACTCTTGAAGTTGAAACCCAACCTGGTGTCTTGTGTTCCAGATTCCCTCGTCCT ATTGAAAAAGTTGGTTTGTATATCCCTGGTGGCACTGCCATTTTACCAAGTACTGCAT TAATGCTTGGTGTTCCAGCACAAGTTGCCCAATGTAAGGAGATTGTGTTTGCATCTC CACCAAGAAAATCTGATGGTAAAGTTTCACCCGAAGTTGTTTATGTCGCAGAAAAAG TTGGCGCTTCCAAGATTGTTCTAGCTGGTGGTGCCCAAGCCGTTGCTGCTATGGCT TACGGGACAGAAACTATTCCTAAAGTGGATAAGATCTTGGGTCCAGGTAATCAATTT GTGACTGCCGCCAAAATGTATGTTCAAAATGACACTCAAGCTCTATGTTCCATTGATA TGCCAGCTGGCCCAAGTGAAGTTTTGGTTATTGCCGATGAAGATGCCGATGTGGAT TTTGTTGCAAGTGATTTGCTATCGCAAGCTGAACACGGTATTGACTCCCAAGTTATC CTTGTTGGTGTTAACTTGAGCGAAAAGAAAATTCAAGAGATTCAAGATGCTGTCCAC AATCAAGCTTTACAACTGCCACGTGTGGATATTGTTCGTAAATGTATTGCTCACAGTA CGATCGTTCTTTGTGACGGTTACGAAGAAGCCCTTGAAATGTCCAACCAATATGCAC CAGAACATTTGATTCTACAAATCGCCAATGCTAACGATTATGTTAAATTGGTTGACAA TGCAGGGTCCGTATTTGTGGGTGCTTACACTCCAGAATCGTGCGGTGACTATTCAA GTGGTACTAACCATACATTACCAACCTATGGTTACGCTAGGCAGTACAGTGGTGCCA ACACTGCAACCTTCCAAAAGTTTATCACTGCCCAAAACATTACCCCTGAAGGTTTAG AAAACATCGGTAGAGCTGTTATGTGCGTTGCCAAGAAGGAGGGTCTAGACGGTCAC AGAAACGCTGTGAAAATCAGAATGAGTAAGCTTGGGTTGATCCCAAAGGATTTCCAG TAG SEQ ID NO: 49 Protein sequence from HMG-CoA reductase (HMG1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MPPLFKGLKQMAKPIAYVSRFSAKRPIHIILFSLIISAFAYLSVIQYYFNGWQLDSNSVFET APNKDSNTLFQECSHYYRDSSLDGWVSITAHEASELPAPHHYYLLNLNFNSPNETDSIP ELANTVFEKDNTKYILQEDLSVSKEISSTDGTKWRLRSDRKSLFDVKTLAYSLYDVFSEN VTQADPFDVLIMVTAYLMMFYTIFGLFNDMRKTGSNFWLSASTVVNSASSLFLALYVTQ CILGKEVSALTLFEGLPFIVVVVGFKHKIKIAQYALEKFERVGLSKRITTDEIVFESVSEEG GRLIQDHLLCIFAFIGCSMYAHQLKTLTNFCILSAFILIFELILTPTFYSAILALRLEMNVIHRS TIIKQTLEEDGVVPSTARIISKAEKKSVSSFLNLSVVVIIMKLSVILLFVFINFYNFGANWVN DAFNSLYFDKERVSLPDFITSNASENFKEQAIVSVTPLLYYKPIKSYQRIEDMVLLLLRNVS VAIRDRFVSKLVLSALVCSAVINVYLLNAARIHTSYTADQLVKTEVTKKSFTAPVQKASTP VLTNKTVISGSKVKSLSSAQSSSSGPSSSSEEDDSRDIESLDKKIRPLEELEALLSSGNTK QLKNKEVAALVIHGKLPLYALEKKLGDTTRAVAVRRKALSILAEAPVLASDRLPYKNYDY DRVFGACCENVIGYMPLPVGVIGPLVIDGTSYHIPMATTEGCLVASAMRGCKAINAGGG ATTVLTKDGMTRGPVVRFPTLKRSGACKIWLDSEEGQNAIKKAFNSTSRFARLQHIQTC LAGDLLFMRFRTTTGDAMGMNMISKGVEYSLKQMVEEYGWEDMEVVSVSGNYCTDKK PAAINWIEGRGKSVVAEATIPGDVVRKVLKSDVSALVELNIAKNLVGSAMAGSVGGFNA HAANLVTAVFLALGQDPAQNVESSNCITLMKEVDGDLRISVSMPSIEVGTIGGGTVLEPQ GAMLDLLGVRGPHATAPGTNARQLARIVACAVLAGELSLCAALAAGHLVQSHMTHNRK PAEPTKPNNLDATDINRLKDGSVTCIKS SEQ ID NO: 50 DNA sequence encoding HMG-CoA reductase (HMG1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGCCGCCGCTATTCAAGGGACTGAAACAGATGGCAAAGCCAATTGCCTATGTTTCA AGATTTTCGGCGAAACGACCAATTCATATAATACTTTTTTCTCTAATCATATCCGCATT CGCTTATCTATCCGTCATTCAGTATTACTTCAATGGTTGGCAACTAGATTCAAATAGT GTTTTTGAAACTGCTCCAAATAAAGACTCCAACACTCTATTTCAAGAATGTTCCCATTA CTACAGAGATTCCTCTCTAGATGGTTGGGTATCAATCACCGCGCATGAAGCTAGTGA GTTACCAGCCCCACACCATTACTATCTATTAAACCTGAACTTCAATAGTCCTAATGAA ACTGACTCCATTCCAGAACTAGCTAACACGGTTTTTGAGAAAGATAATACAAAATATA TTCTGCAAGAAGATCTCAGTGTTTCCAAAGAAATTTCTTCTACTGATGGAACGAAATG GAGGTTAAGAAGTGACAGAAAAAGTCTTTTCGACGTAAAGACGTTAGCATATTCTCTC TACGATGTATTTTCAGAAAATGTAACCCAAGCAGACCCGTTTGACGTCCTTATTATGG TTACTGCCTACCTAATGATGTTCTACACCATATTCGGCCTCTTCAATGACATGAGGAA GACCGGGTCAAATTTTTGGTTGAGCGCCTCTACAGTGGTCAATTCTGCATCATCACTT TTCTTAGCATTGTATGTCACCCAATGTATTCTAGGCAAAGAAGTTTCCGCATTAACTCT TTTTGAAGGTTTGCCTTTCATTGTAGTTGTTGTTGGTTTCAAGCACAAAATCAAGATTG CCCAGTATGCCCTGGAGAAATTTGAAAGAGTCGGTTTATCTAAAAGGATTACTACCGA TGAAATCGTTTTTGAATCCGTGAGCGAAGAGGGTGGTCGTTTGATTCAAGACCATTT GCTTTGTATTTTTGCCTTTATCGGATGCTCTATGTATGCTCACCAATTGAAGACTTTGA CAAACTTCTGCATATTATCAGCATTTATCCTAATTTTTGAATTGATTTTAACTCCTACAT TTTATTCTGCTATCTTAGCGCTTAGACTGGAAATGAATGTTATCCACAGATCTACTATT ATCAAGCAAACATTAGAAGAAGACGGTGTTGTTCCATCTACAGCAAGAATCATTTCTA AAGCAGAAAAGAAATCCGTATCTTCTTTCTTAAATCTCAGTGTGGTTGTCATTATCATG AAACTCTCTGTCATACTGTTGTTTGTCTTCATCAACTTTTATAACTTTGGTGCAAATTG GGTCAATGATGCCTTCAATTCATTGTACTTCGATAAGGAACGTGTTTCTCTACCAGAT TTTATTACCTCGAATGCCTCTGAAAACTTTAAAGAGCAAGCTATTGTTAGTGTCACCC CATTATTATATTACAAACCCATTAAGTCCTACCAACGCATTGAGGATATGGTTCTTCTA TTGCTTCGTAATGTCAGTGTTGCCATTCGTGATAGGTTCGTCAGTAAATTAGTTCTTT CCGCCTTAGTATGCAGTGCTGTCATCAATGTGTATTTATTGAATGCTGCTAGAATTCA TACCAGTTATACTGCAGACCAATTGGTGAAAACTGAAGTCACCAAGAAGTCTTTTACT GCTCCTGTACAAAAGGCTTCTACACCAGTTTTAACCAATAAAACAGTCATTTCTGGAT CGAAAGTCAAAAGTTTATCATCTGCGCAATCGAGCTCATCAGGACCTTCATCATCTAG TGAGGAAGATGATTCCCGCGATATTGAAAGCTTGGATAAGAAAATACGTCCTTTAGAA GAATTAGAAGCATTATTAAGTAGTGGAAATACAAAACAATTGAAGAACAAAGAGGTCG CTGCCTTGGTTATTCACGGTAAGTTACCTTTGTACGCTTTGGAGAAAAAATTAGGTGA TACTACGAGAGCGGTTGCGGTACGTAGGAAGGCTCTTTCAATTTTGGCAGAAGCTCC TGTATTAGCATCTGATCGTTTACCATATAAAAATTATGACTACGACCGCGTATTTGGC GCTTGTTGTGAAAATGTTATAGGTTACATGCCTTTGCCCGTTGGTGTTATAGGCCCCT TGGTTATCGATGGTACATCTTATCATATACCAATGGCAACTACAGAGGGTTGTTTGGT AGCTTCTGCCATGCGTGGCTGTAAGGCAATCAATGCTGGCGGTGGTGCAACAACTG TTTTAACTAAGGATGGTATGACAAGAGGCCCAGTAGTCCGTTTCCCAACTTTGAAAAG ATCTGGTGCCTGTAAGATATGGTTAGACTCAGAAGAGGGACAAAACGCAATTAAAAA AGCTTTTAACTCTACATCAAGATTTGCACGTCTGCAACATATTCAAACTTGTCTAGCA GGAGATTTACTCTTCATGAGATTTAGAACAACTACTGGTGACGCAATGGGTATGAATA TGATTTCTAAAGGTGTCGAATACTCATTAAAGCAAATGGTAGAAGAGTATGGCTGGGA AGATATGGAGGTTGTCTCCGTTTCTGGTAACTACTGTACCGACAAAAAACCAGCTGC CATCAACTGGATCGAAGGTCGTGGTAAGAGTGTCGTCGCAGAAGCTACTATTCCTGG TGATGTTGTCAGAAAAGTGTTAAAAAGTGATGTTTCCGCATTGGTTGAGTTGAACATT GCTAAGAATTTGGTTGGATCTGCAATGGCTGGGTCTGTTGGTGGATTTAACGCACAT GCAGCTAATTTAGTGACAGCTGTTTTCTTGGCATTAGGACAAGATCCTGCACAAAATG TTGAAAGTTCCAACTGTATAACATTGATGAAAGAAGTGGACGGTGATTTGAGAATTTC CGTATCCATGCCATCCATCGAAGTAGGTACCATCGGTGGTGGTACTGTTCTAGAACC ACAAGGTGCCATGTTGGACTTATTAGGTGTAAGAGGCCCGCATGCTACCGCTCCTGG TACCAACGCACGTCAATTAGCAAGAATAGTTGCCTGTGCCGTCTTGGCAGGTGAATT ATCCTTATGTGCTGCCCTAGCAGCCGGCCATTTGGTTCAAAGTCATATGACCCACAA CAGGAAACCTGCTGAACCAACAAAACCTAACAATTTGGACGCCACTGATATAAATCGT TTGAAAGATGGGTCCGTCACCTGCATTAAATCCTAA SEQ ID NO 51 Protein sequence from Mitochondrial NADP-specific  isocitrate dehydrogenase (IPD1) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MSMLSRRLFSTSRLAAFSKIKVKQPVVELDGDEMTRIIWDKIKKKLILPYLDVDLKYYDLS VESRDATSDKITQDAAEAIKKYGVGIKCATITPDEARVKEFNLHKMWKSPNGTIRNILGGT VFREPIVIPRIPRLVPRWEKPIIIGRHAHGDQYKATDTLIPGPGSLELVYKPSDPTTAQPQT LKVYDYKGSGVAMAMYNTDESIEGFAHSSFKLAIDKKLNLFLSTKNTILKKYDGRFKDIFQ EVYEAQYKSKFEQLGIHYEHRLIDDMVAQMIKSKGGFIMALKNYDGDVQSDIVAQGFGS LGLMTSILVTPDGKTFESEAAHGTVTRHYRKYQKGEETSTNSIASIFAWSRGLLKRGELD NTPALCKFANILESATLNTVQQDGIMTKDLALACGNNERSAYVTTEEFLDAVEKRLQKEI KSIE SEQ ID NO: 52 DNA sequence encoding Mitochondrial NADP-specific  isocitrate dehydrogenase (IPD1) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGAGTATGTTATCTAGAAGATTATTTTCCACCTCTCGCCTTGCTGCTTTCAGTAAGAT TAAGGTCAAACAACCCGTTGTCGAGTTGGACGGTGATGAAATGACCCGTATCATTTG GGATAAGATCAAGAAGAAATTGATTCTACCCTACTTGGACGTAGATTTGAAGTACTAC GACTTATCTGTCGAATCTCGTGACGCCACCTCCGACAAGATTACTCAGGATGCTGCT GAGGCGATCAAGAAGTATGGTGTTGGTATCAAATGTGCCACCATCACTCCTGATGAA GCTCGTGTGAAGGAATTCAACCTGCACAAGATGTGGAAATCTCCTAATGGTACCATC AGAAACATTCTCGGCGGTACAGTGTTCAGAGAGCCCATTGTGATTCCTAGAATTCCT AGACTGGTCCCACGTTGGGAAAAACCAATCATTATTGGAAGACACGCCCACGGTGAT CAATATAAAGCTACGGACACACTGATCCCAGGCCCAGGATCTTTGGAACTGGTCTAC AAGCCATCCGACCCTACGACTGCTCAACCACAAACTTTGAAAGTGTATGACTACAAG GGCAGTGGTGTGGCCATGGCCATGTACAATACTGACGAATCCATCGAAGGGTTTGCT CATTCGTCTTTCAAGCTGGCCATTGACAAAAAGCTAAATCTTTTCTTGTCAACCAAGA ACACTATTTTGAAGAAATATGACGGTCGGTTCAAAGACATTTTCCAAGAAGTTTATGA AGCTCAATATAAATCCAAATTCGAACAACTAGGGATCCACTATGAACACCGTTTAATT GATGATATGGTCGCTCAAATGATAAAATCTAAAGGTGGCTTTATCATGGCGCTAAAGA ACTATGACGGTGATGTCCAATCTGACATCGTCGCTCAAGGATTTGGCTCCTTAGGTTT GATGACTTCTATCTTAGTTACACCAGACGGTAAAACTTTCGAAAGTGAAGCTGCTCAT GGTACCGTGACAAGACATTATAGAAAGTACCAAAAGGGTGAAGAAACTTCTACAAAC TCCATTGCATCCATTTTCGCGTGGTCGAGAGGTCTATTGAAGAGAGGTGAATTGGAC AATACTCCTGCTTTGTGTAAATTTGCCAATATTTTGGAATCCGCCACTTTGAACACAGT TCAGCAAGACGGTATCATGACGAAGGACTTGGCTTTGGCTTGCGGTAACAACGAAAG ATCTGCTTATGTTACCACAGAAGAATTTTTGGATGCCGTTGAAAAAAGACTACAAAAA GAAATCAAGTCGATCGAGTAA SEQ ID NO: 53 Protein sequence from Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase (LYS12) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MFRSVATRLSACRGLASNAARKSLTIGLIPGDGIGKEVIPAGKQVLENLNSKHGLSFNFID LYAGFQTFQETGKALPDETVKVLKEQCQGALFGAVQSPTTKVEGYSSPIVALRREMGLF ANVRPVKSVEGEKGKPIDMVIVRENTEDLYIKIEKTYIDKATGTRVADATKRISEIATRRIAT IALDIALKRLQTRGQATLTVTHKSNVLSQSDGLFREICKEVYESNKDKYGQIKYNEQIVDS MVYRLFREPQCFDVIVAPNLYGDILSDGAAALVGSLGVVPSANVGPEIVIGEPCHGSAPD IAGKGIANPIATIRSTALMLEFLGHNEAAQDIYKAVDANLREGSIKTPDLGGKASTQQVVD DVLSRL SEQ ID NO: 54 DNA sequence encoding Homo-isocitrate dehydrogenase (LYS12) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTTTAGATCTGTTGCTACTAGATTATCTGCCTGCCGTGGGTTAGCATCTAACGCT GCTCGCAAATCACTCACTATTGGTCTTATCCCCGGTGACGGTATCGGTAAGGAAGTC ATTCCTGCTGGTAAGCAAGTTTTGGAAAACCTTAACTCCAAGCACGGCCTAAGCTTC AACTTTATTGATCTCTACGCCGGTTTCCAAACATTCCAAGAAACAGGAAAGGCGTTG CCTGATGAGACTGTTAAAGTGTTGAAGGAACAATGTCAAGGTGCTCTTTTCGGTGCA GTTCAGTCTCCAACTACTAAGGTGGAAGGTTACTCCTCACCAATTGTTGCTCTAAGG AGGGAAATGGGCCTTTTCGCTAATGTTCGTCCTGTTAAGTCTGTAGAGGGAGAAAAG GGTAAACCAATTGACATGGTTATCGTCAGAGAAAATACTGAGGACCTGTACATTAAA ATTGAAAAAACATACATTGACAAGGCCACAGGTACAAGAGTTGCTGATGCCACAAAG AGAATATCCGAAATTGCAACAAGAAGAATTGCAACCATTGCATTAGATATTGCCTTGA AAAGATTACAAACAAGAGGCCAAGCCACTTTGACAGTGACTCATAAATCAAATGTTC TATCTCAAAGTGATGGTCTATTCAGAGAAATCTGTAAGGAAGTCTACGAATCTAACAA GGACAAGTACGGTCAAATCAAATATAACGAACAAATTGTGGATTCCATGGTTTATAG GCTGTTCAGAGAACCACAATGTTTTGATGTGATAGTGGCACCAAACCTATACGGGGA TATATTATCTGACGGTGCTGCTGCTTTAGTCGGTTCATTAGGTGTTGTTCCAAGCGC CAACGTAGGTCCAGAAATTGTCATTGGTGAACCATGCCATGGTTCTGCACCAGATAT TGCTGGTAAAGGTATTGCTAACCCAATCGCCACTATAAGATCTACTGCTTTGATGTT GGAATTCTTGGGCCACAACGAAGCTGCCCAAGATATCTACAAGGCTGTTGATGCTAA CTTAAGAGAGGGTTCTATCAAGACACCAGATTTAGGTGGTAAGGCTTCTACTCAACA AGTCGTTGACGACGTTTTGTCGAGATTATAG SEQ ID NO: 55 Protein sequence from 3-phosphoglycerate  dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate reductase  (SER33) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSYSAADNLQDSFQRAMNFSGSPGAVSTSPTQSFMNTLPRRVSITKQPKALKPFSTGD MNILLLENVNATAIKIFKDQGYQVEFHKSSLPEDELIEKIKDVHAIGIRSKTRLTEKILQHAR NLVCIGCFCIGTNQVDLKYAASKGIAVFNSPFSNSRSVAELVIGEIISLARQLGDRSIELHT GTWNKVAARCWEVRGKTLGIIGYGHIGSQLSVLAEAMGLHVLYYDIVTIMALGTARQVST LDELLNKSDFVTLHVPATPETEKMLSAPQFAAMKDGAYVINASRGTVVDIPSLIQAVKAN KIAGAALDVYPHEPAKNGEGSFNDELNSWTSELVSLPNIILTPHIGGSTEEAQSSIGIEVA TALSKYINEGNSVGSVNFPEVSLKSLDYDQENTVRVLYIHRNVPGVLKTVNDILSDHNIEK QFSDSHGEIAYLMADISSVNQSEIKDIYEKLNQTSAKVSIRLLY SEQ ID NO: 56 DNA sequence encoding 3-phosphoglycerate  dehydrogenase and alpha-ketoglutarate reductase  (SER33) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTCTTATTCAGCTGCCGATAATTTACAAGATTCATTCCAACGTGCCATGAACTTTTC TGGCTCTCCTGGTGCAGTCTCAACCTCACCAACTCAGTCATTTATGAACACACTACCT CGTCGTGTAAGCATTACAAAGCAACCAAAGGCTTTAAAACCTTTTTCTACTGGTGACA TGAATATTCTACTGTTGGAAAATGTCAATGCAACTGCAATCAAAATCTTCAAGGATCA GGGTTACCAAGTAGAGTTCCACAAGTCTTCTCTACCTGAGGATGAATTGATTGAAAAA ATCAAAGACGTACACGCTATCGGTATAAGATCCAAAACTAGATTGACTGAAAAAATAC TACAGCATGCCAGGAATCTAGTTTGTATTGGTTGTTTTTGCATAGGTACCAATCAAGT AGACCTAAAATATGCCGCTAGTAAAGGTATTGCTGTTTTCAATTCGCCATTCTCCAAT TCAAGATCCGTAGCAGAATTGGTAATTGGTGAGATCATTAGTTTAGCAAGACAATTAG GTGATAGATCCATTGAACTGCATACAGGTACATGGAATAAAGTCGCTGCTAGGTGTT GGGAAGTAAGAGGAAAAACTCTCGGTATTATTGGGTATGGTCACATTGGTTCGCAAT TATCAGTTCTTGCAGAAGCTATGGGCCTGCATGTGCTATACTATGATATCGTGACAAT TATGGCCTTAGGTACTGCCAGACAAGTTTCTACATTAGATGAATTGTTGAATAAATCT GATTTTGTAACACTACATGTACCAGCTACTCCAGAAACTGAAAAAATGTTATCTGCTC CACAATTCGCTGCTATGAAGGACGGGGCTTATGTTATTAATGCCTCAAGAGGTACTG TCGTGGACATTCCATCTCTGATCCAAGCCGTCAAGGCCAACAAAATTGCAGGTGCTG CTTTAGATGTTTATCCACATGAACCAGCTAAGAACGGTGAAGGTTCATTTAACGATGA ACTTAACAGCTGGACTTCTGAGTTGGTTTCATTACCAAATATAATCCTGACACCACAT ATTGGTGGCTCTACAGAAGAAGCTCAAAGTTCAATCGGTATTGAGGTGGCTACTGCA TTGTCCAAATACATCAATGAAGGTAACTCTGTCGGTTCTGTGAACTTCCCAGAAGTCA GTTTGAAGTCTTTGGACTACGATCAAGAGAACACAGTACGTGTCTTGTATATTCATCG TAACGTTCCTGGTGTTTTGAAGACCGTTAATGATATCTTATCCGATCATAATATCGAG AAACAGTTTTCTGATTCTCACGGCGAGATCGCTTATCTAATGGCAGACATCTCTTCTG TTAATCAAAGTGAAATCAAGGATATATATGAAAAGTTGAACCAAACTTCTGCCAAAGTT TCCATCAGGTTATTATACTAA SEQ ID NO: 57 Protein sequence from Glucose-6-phosphate  dehydrogenase (ZWF1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSEGPVKFEKNTVISVFGASGDLAKKKTFPALFGLFREGYLDPSTKIFGYARSKLSMEED LKSRVLPHLKKPHGEADDSKVEQFFKMVSYISGNYDTDEGFDELRTQIEKFEKSANVDV PHRLFYLALPPSVFLTVAKQIKSRVYAENGITRVIVEKPFGHDLASARELQKNLGPLFKEE ELYRIDHYLGKELVKNLLVLRFGNQFLNASWNRDNIQSVQISFKERFGTEGRGGYFDSIG IIRDVMQNHLLQIMTLLTMERPVSFDPESIRDEKVKVLKAVAPIDTDDVLLGQYGKSEDGS KPAYVDDDTVDKDSKCVTFAAMTFNIENERWEGVPIMMRAGKALNESKVEIRLQYKAVA SGVFKDIPNNELVIRVQPDAAVYLKFNAKTPGLSNATQVTDLNLTYASRYQDFWIPEAYE VLIRDALLGDHSNFVRDDELDISWGIFTPLLKHIERPDGPTPEIYPYGSRGPKGLKEYMQ KHKYVMPEKHPYAWPVTKPEDTKDN SEQ ID NO: 58 DNA sequence encoding Glucose-6-phosphate  dehydrogenase (ZWF1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGAGTGAAGGCCCCGTCAAATTCGAAAAAAATACCGTCATATCTGTCTTTGGTGCGT CAGGTGATCTGGCAAAGAAGAAGACTTTTCCCGCCTTATTTGGGCTTTTCAGAGAAG GTTACCTTGATCCATCTACCAAGATCTTCGGTTATGCCCGGTCCAAATTGTCCATGGA GGAGGACCTGAAGTCCCGTGTCCTACCCCACTTGAAAAAACCTCACGGTGAAGCCG ATGACTCTAAGGTCGAACAGTTCTTCAAGATGGTCAGCTACATTTCGGGAAATTACGA CACAGATGAAGGCTTCGACGAATTAAGAACGCAGATCGAGAAATTCGAGAAAAGTGC CAACGTCGATGTCCCACACCGTCTCTTCTATCTGGCCTTGCCGCCAAGCGTTTTTTT GACGGTGGCCAAGCAGATCAAGAGTCGTGTGTACGCAGAGAATGGCATCACCCGTG TAATCGTAGAGAAACCTTTCGGCCACGACCTGGCCTCTGCCAGGGAGCTGCAAAAAA ACCTGGGGCCCCTCTTTAAAGAAGAAGAGTTGTACAGAATTGACCATTACTTGGGTA AAGAGTTGGTCAAGAATCTTTTAGTCTTGAGGTTCGGTAACCAGTTTTTGAATGCCTC GTGGAATAGAGACAACATTCAAAGCGTTCAGATTTCGTTTAAAGAGAGGTTCGGCAC CGAAGGCCGTGGCGGCTATTTCGACTCTATAGGCATAATCAGAGACGTGATGCAGAA CCATCTGTTACAAATCATGACTCTCTTGACTATGGAAAGACCGGTGTCTTTTGACCCG GAATCTATTCGTGACGAAAAGGTTAAGGTTCTAAAGGCCGTGGCCCCCATCGACACG GACGACGTCCTCTTGGGCCAGTACGGTAAATCTGAGGACGGGTCTAAGCCCGCCTA CGTGGATGATGACACTGTAGACAAGGACTCTAAATGTGTCACTTTTGCAGCAATGAC TTTCAACATCGAAAACGAGCGTTGGGAGGGCGTCCCCATCATGATGCGTGCCGGTA AGGCTTTGAATGAGTCCAAGGTGGAGATCAGACTGCAGTACAAAGCGGTCGCATCG GGTGTCTTCAAAGACATTCCAAATAACGAACTGGTCATCAGAGTGCAGCCCGATGCC GCTGTGTACCTAAAGTTTAATGCTAAGACCCCTGGTCTGTCAAATGCTACCCAAGTCA CAGATCTGAATCTAACTTACGCAAGCAGGTACCAAGACTTTTGGATTCCAGAGGCTTA CGAGGTGTTGATAAGAGACGCCCTACTGGGTGACCATTCCAACTTTGTCAGAGATGA CGAATTGGATATCAGTTGGGGCATATTCACCCCATTACTGAAGCACATAGAGCGTCC GGACGGTCCAACACCGGAAATTTACCCCTACGGATCAAGAGGTCCAAAGGGATTGA AGGAATATATGCAAAAACACAAGTATGTTATGCCCGAAAAGCACCCTTACGCTTGGC CCGTGACTAAGCCAGAAGATACGAAGGATAATTAG SEQ ID NO: 59 Protein sequence from Putative aryl alcohol  dehydrogenase (YPL088W) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae MVLVKQVRLGNSGLKISPIVIGCMSYGSKKWADWVIEDKTQIFKIMKHCYDKGLRTFDTA DFYSNGLSERIIKEFLEYYSIKRETVVIMTKIYFPVDETLDLHHNFTLNEFEELDLSNQRGL SRKHIIAGVENSVKRLGTYIDLLQIHRLDHETPMKEIMKALNDVVEAGHVRYIGASSMLAT EFAELQFTADKYGWFQFISSQSYYNLLYREDERELIPFAKRHNIGLLPWSPNARGMLTR PLNQSTDRIKSDPTFKSLHLDNLEEEQKEIINRVEKVSKDKKVSMAMLSIAWVLHKGCHPI VGLNTTARVDEAIAALQVTLTEEEIKYLEEPYKPQRQRC SEQ ID NO: 60 DNA sequence encoding Putative aryl alcohol  dehydrogenase (YPL088W) of Saccharomyces  cerevisiae ATGGTTTTAGTTAAGCAGGTAAGACTCGGTAACTCAGGTCTTAAGATATCACCGATA GTGATAGGATGTATGTCATACGGGTCCAAGAAATGGGCGGACTGGGTCATAGAGGA CAAGACCCAAATTTTCAAGATTATGAAGCATTGTTACGATAAAGGTCTTCGTACTTTT GACACAGCAGATTTTTATTCTAATGGTTTGAGTGAAAGAATAATTAAGGAGTTTCTGG AGTACTACAGTATAAAGAGAGAAACGGTGGTGATTATGACCAAAATTTACTTCCCAG TTGATGAAACGCTTGATTTGCATCATAACTTCACTTTAAATGAATTTGAAGAATTGGA CTTGTCCAACCAGCGGGGTTTATCCAGAAAGCATATAATTGCTGGTGTCGAGAACTC TGTGAAAAGACTGGGCACATATATAGACCTTTTACAAATTCACAGATTAGATCATGAA ACGCCAATGAAAGAGATCATGAAGGCATTGAATGATGTTGTTGAAGCGGGCCACGT TAGATACATTGGGGCTTCGAGTATGTTGGCAACTGAATTTGCAGAACTGCAGTTCAC AGCCGATAAATATGGCTGGTTTCAGTTCATTTCTTCGCAGTCTTACTACAATTTGCTC TATCGTGAAGATGAACGCGAATTGATTCCTTTTGCCAAAAGACACAATATTGGTTTAC TTCCATGGTCTCCTAACGCACGAGGCATGTTGACTCGTCCTCTGAACCAAAGCACG GACAGGATTAAGAGTGATCCAACTTTCAAGTCGTTACATTTGGATAATCTCGAAGAA GAACAAAAGGAAATTATAAATCGTGTGGAAAAGGTGTCGAAGGACAAAAAAGTCTCG ATGGCTATGCTCTCCATTGCATGGGTTTTGCATAAAGGATGTCACCCTATTGTGGGA TTGAACACTACAGCAAGAGTAGACGAAGCGATTGCCGCACTACAAGTAACTCTAACA GAAGAAGAGATAAAGTACCTCGAGGAGCCCTACAAACCCCAGAGGCAAAGATGTTA A SEQ ID NO: 61 Protein sequence NADP+ dependent arabinose  dehydrogenase (ARA1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSSSVASTENIVENMLHPKTTEIYFSLNNGVRIPALGLGTANPHEKLAETKQAVKAAIKAG YRHIDTAWAYETEPFVGEAIKELLEDGSIKREDLFITTKVWPVLWDEVDRSLNESLKALG LEYVDLLLQHWPLCFEKIKDPKGISGLVKTPVDDSGKTMYAADGDYLETYKQLEKIYLDP NDHRVRAIGVSNFSIEYLERLIKECRVKPTVNQVETHPHLPQMELRKFCFMHDILLTAYS PLGSHGAPNLKIPLVKKLAEKYNVTGNDLLISYHIRQGTIVIPRSLNPVRISSSIEFASLTKD ELQELNDFGEKYPVRFIDEPFAAILPEFTGNGPNLDNLKY SEQ ID NO: 62 DNA Encoding NADP+ dependent arabinose  dehydrogenase (ARA1) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATGTCTTCTTCAGTAGCCTCAACCGAAAACATAGTCGAAAATATGTTGCATCCAAAGA CTACAGAAATATACTTTTCACTCAACAATGGTGTTCGTATCCCAGCACTGGGTTTGGG GACAGCAAATCCTCACGAAAAGTTAGCTGAAACAAAACAAGCCGTAAAAGCTGCAAT CAAAGCTGGATACAGGCACATTGATACTGCTTGGGCCTACGAGACAGAGCCATTCGT AGGTGAAGCCATCAAGGAGTTATTAGAAGATGGATCTATCAAAAGGGAGGATCTTTT CATAACCACAAAAGTGTGGCCGGTTCTATGGGACGAAGTGGACAGATCATTGAATGA ATCTTTGAAAGCTTTAGGCTTGGAATACGTCGACTTGCTCTTGCAACATTGGCCGCTA TGTTTTGAAAAGATTAAGGACCCTAAGGGGATCAGCGGACTGGTGAAGACTCCGGTT GATGATTCTGGAAAAACAATGTATGCTGCCGACGGTGACTATTTAGAAACTTACAAGC AATTGGAAAAAATTTACCTTGATCCTAACGATCATCGTGTGAGAGCCATTGGTGTCTC AAATTTTTCCATTGAGTATTTGGAACGTCTCATTAAGGAATGCAGAGTTAAGCCAACG GTGAACCAAGTGGAAACTCACCCTCACTTACCACAAATGGAACTAAGAAAGTTCTGC TTTATGCACGACATTCTGTTAACAGCATACTCACCATTAGGTTCCCATGGCGCACCAA ACTTGAAAATCCCACTAGTGAAAAAGCTTGCCGAAAAGTACAATGTCACAGGAAATGA CTTGCTAATTTCTTACCATATTAGACAAGGCACTATCGTAATTCCGAGATCCTTGAATC CAGTTAGGATTTCCTCGAGTATTGAATTCGCATCTTTGACAAAGGATGAATTACAAGA GTTGAACGACTTCGGTGAAAAATACCCAGTGAGATTCATCGATGAGCCATTTGCAGC CATCCTTCCAGAGTTTACTGGTAACGGACCAAACTTGGACAATTTAAAGTATTAA SEQ ID NO: 63 DNA sequence from vector pEVE2120 CTGCATTAATGAATCGGCCAACGCGCGGGGAGAGGCGGTTTGCGTATTGGGCGCT CTTCCGCTTCCTCGCTCACTGACTCGCTGCGCTCGGTCGTTCGGCTGCGGCGAGC GGTATCAGCTCACTCAAAGGCGGTAATACGGTTATCCACAGAATCAGGGGATAACG CAGGAAAGAACATGTGAGCAAAAGGCCAGCAAAAGGCCAGGAACCGTAAAAAGGC CGCGTTGCTGGCGTTTTTCCATAGGCTCCGCCCCCCTGACGAGCATCACAAAAATC GACGCTCAAGTCAGAGGTGGCGAAACCCGACAGGACTATAAAGATACCAGGCGTTT CCCCCTGGAAGCTCCCTCGTGCGCTCTCCTGTTCCGACCCTGCCGCTTACCGGATA CCTGTCCGCCTTTCTCCCTTCGGGAAGCGTGGCGCTTTCTCATAGCTCACGCTGTA GGTATCTCAGTTCGGTGTAGGTCGTTCGCTCCAAGCTGGGCTGTGTGCACGAACCC CCCGTTCAGCCCGACCGCTGCGCCTTATCCGGTAACTATCGTCTTGAGTCCAACCC GGTAAGACACGACTTATCGCCACTGGCAGCAGCCACTGGTAACAGGATTAGCAGAG CGAGGTATGTAGGCGGTGCTACAGAGTTCTTGAAGTGGTGGCCTAACTACGGCTAC ACTAGAAGGACAGTATTTGGTATCTGCGCTCTGCTGAAGCCAGTTACCTTCGGAAAA AGAGTTGGTAGCTCTTGATCCGGCAAACAAACCACCGCTGGTAGCGGTGGTTTTTTT GTTTGCAAGCAGCAGATTACGCGCAGAAAAAAAGGATCTCAAGAAGATCCTTTGATC TTTTCTACGGGGTCTGACGCTCAGTGGAACGAAAACTCACGTTAAGGGATTTTGGTC ATGAGATTATCAAAAAGGATCTTCACCTAGATCCTTTTAAATTAAAAATGAAGTTTTAA ATCAATCTAAAGTATATATGAGTAAACTTGGTCTGACAGTTACCAATGCTTAATCAGT GAGGCACCTATCTCAGCGATCTGTCTATTTCGTTCATCCATAGTTGCCTGACTCCCC GTCGTGTAGATAACTACGATACGGGAGGGCTTACCATCTGGCCCCAGTGCTGCAAT GATACCGCGAGACCCACGCTCACCGGCTCCAGATTTATCAGCAATAAACCAGCCAG CCGGAAGGGCCGAGCGCAGAAGTGGTCCTGCAACTTTATCCGCCTCCATCCAGTCT ATTAATTGTTGCCGGGAAGCTAGAGTAAGTAGTTCGCCAGTTAATAGTTTGCGCAAC GTTGTTGCCATTGCTACAGGCATCGTGGTGTCACGCTCGTCGTTTGGTATGGCTTCA TTCAGCTCCGGTTCCCAACGATCAAGGCGAGTTACATGATCCCCCATGTTGTGCAAA AAAGCGGTTAGCTCCTTCGGTCCTCCGATCGTTGTCAGAAGTAAGTTGGCCGCAGT GTTATCACTCATGGTTATGGCAGCACTGCATAATTCTCTTACTGTCATGCCATCCGTA AGATGCTTTTCTGTGACTGGTGAGTACTCAACCAAGTCATTCTGAGAATAGTGTATG CGGCGACCGAGTTGCTCTTGCCCGGCGTCAATACGGGATAATACCGCGCCACATAG CAGAACTTTAAAAGTGCTCATCATTGGAAAACGTTCTTCGGGGCGAAAACTCTCAAG GATCTTACCGCTGTTGAGATCCAGTTCGATGTAACCCACTCGTGCACCCAACTGATC TTCAGCATCTTTTACTTTCACCAGCGTTTCTGGGTGAGCAAAAACAGGAAGGCAAAA TGCCGCAAAAAAGGGAATAAGGGCGACACGGAAATGTTGAATACTCATACTCTTCCT TTTTCAATATTATTGAAGCATTTATCAGGGTTATTGTCTCATGAGCGGATACATATTTG AATGTATTTAGAAAAATAAACAAATAGGGGTTCCGCGCACATTTCCCCGAAAAGTGC CACCTGGGTCCTTTTCATCACGTGCTATAAAAATAATTATAATTTAAATTTTTTAATAT AAATATATAAATTAAAAATAGAAAGTAAAAAAAGAAATTAAAGAAAAAATAGTTTTTGT TTTCCGAAGATGTAAAAGACTCTAGGGGGATCGCCAACAAATACTACCTTTTATCTT GCTCTTCCTGCTCTCAGGTATTAATGCCGAATTGTTTCATCTTGTCTGTGTAGAAGAC CACACACGAAAATCCTGTGATTTTACATTTTACTTATCGTTAATCGAATGTATATCTAT TTAATCTGCTTTTCTTGTCTAATAAATATATATGTAAAGTACGCTTTTTGTTGAAATTTT TTAAACCTTTGTTTATTTTTTTTTCTTCATTCCGTAACTCTTCTACCTTCTTTATTTACT TTCTAAAATCCAAATACAAAACATAAAAATAAATAAACACAGAGTAAATTCCCAAATTA TTCCATCATTAAAAGATACGAGGCGCGTGTAAGTTACAGGCAAGCGATCCGTCCTAA GAAACCATTATTATCATGACATTAACCTATAAAAATAGGCGTATCACGAGGCCCTTTC GTCTCGCGCGTTTCGGTGATGACGGTGAAAACCTCTGACACATGCAGCTCCCGGAG ACGGTCACAGCTTGTCTGTAAGCGGATGCCGGGAGCAGACAAGCCCGTCAGGGCG CGTCAGCGGGTGTTGGCGGGTGTCGGGGCTGGCTTAACTATGCGGCATCAGAGCA GATTGTACTGAGAGTGCACCATACCACAGCTTTTCAATTCAATTCATCATTTTTTTTTT ATTCTTTTTTTTGATTTCGGTTTCTTTGAAATTTTTTTGATTCGGTAATCTCCGAACAG AAGGAAGAACGAAGGAAGGAGCACAGACTTAGATTGGTATATATACGCATATGTAGT GTTGAAGAAACATGAAATTGCCCAGTATTCTTAACCCAACTGCACAGAACAAAAACC TGCAGGAAACGAAGATAAATCATGTCGAAAGCTACATATAAGGAACGTGCTGCTACT CATCCTAGTCCTGTTGCTGCCAAGCTATTTAATATCATGCACGAAAAGCAAACAAACT TGTGTGCTTCATTGGATGTTCGTACCACCAAGGAATTACTGGAGTTAGTTGAAGCAT TAGGTCCCAAAATTTGTTTACTAAAAACACATGTGGATATCTTGACTGATTTTTCCAT GGAGGGCACAGTTAAGCCGCTAAAGGCATTATCCGCCAAGTACAATTTTTTACTCTT CGAAGACAGAAAATTTGCTGACATTGGTAATACAGTCAAATTGCAGTACTCTGCGGG TGTATACAGAATAGCAGAATGGGCAGACATTACGAATGCACACGGTGTGGTGGGCC CAGGTATTGTTAGCGGTTTGAAGCAGGCGGCAGAAGAAGTAACAAAGGAACCTAGA GGCCTTTTGATGTTAGCAGAATTGTCATGCAAGGGCTCCCTATCTACTGGAGAATAT ACTAAGGGTACTGTTGACATTGCGAAGAGCGACAAAGATTTTGTTATCGGCTTTATT GCTCAAAGAGACATGGGTGGAAGAGATGAAGGTTACGATTGGTTGATTATGACACC CGGTGTGGGTTTAGATGACAAGGGAGACGCATTGGGTCAACAGTATAGAACCGTGG ATGATGTGGTCTCTACAGGATCTGACATTATTATTGTTGGAAGAGGACTATTTGCAAA GGGAAGGGATGCTAAGGTAGAGGGTGAACGTTACAGAAAAGCAGGCTGGGAAGCA TATTTGAGAAGATGCGGCCAGCAAAACTAAAAAACTGTATTATAAGTAAATGCATGTA TACTAAACTCACAAATTAGAGCTTCAATTTAATTATATCAGTTATTACCCTATGCGGTG TGAAATACCGCACAGATGCGTAAGGAGAAAATACCGCATCAGGAAATTGTAAACGTT AATATTTTGTTAAAATTCGCGTTAAATTTTTGTTAAATCAGCTCATTTTTTAACCAATAG GCCGAAATCGGCAAAATCCCTTATAAATCAAAAGAATAGACCGAGATAGGGTTGAGT GTTGTTCCAGTTTGGAACAAGAGTCCACTATTAAAGAACGTGGACTCCAACGTCAAA GGGCGAAAAACCGTCTATCAGGGCGATGGCCCACTACGTGAACCATCACCCTAATC AAGTTTTTTGGGGTCGAGGTGCCGTAAAGCACTAAATCGGAACCCTAAAGGGAGCC CCCGATTTAGAGCTTGACGGGGAAAGCCGGCGAACGTGGCGAGAAAGGAAGGGAA GAAAGCGAAAGGAGCGGGCGCTAGGGCGCTGGCAAGTGTAGCGGTCACGCTGCG CGTAACCACCACACCCGCCGCGCTTAATGCGCCGCTACAGGGCGCGTCGCGCCAT TCGCCATTCAGGCTGCGCAACTGTTGGGAAGGGCGATCGGTGCGGGCCTCTTCGC TATTACGCCAGCTGATTTGCCCGGGCAGTTCAGGCTCATCAGGCGCGCCATGCAGG ATGCATTGATCAGTTAACCCATGGGCATGCGAAGGAAAATGAGAAATATCGAGGGA GACGATTCAGAGGAGCAGGACAAACTATAACCGACTGTTTGTTGGAGGATGCCGTA CATAACGAACACTGCTGAAGCTACCATGTCTACAGTTTAGAGGAATGGGTACAACTC ACAGGCGAGGGATGGTGTTCACTCGTGCTAGCAAACGCGGTGGGAGCAAAAAGTA GAATATTATCTTTTATTCGTGAAACTTCGAACACTGTCATCTAAAGATGCTATATACTA ATATAGGCATACTTGATAATGAAAACTATAAATCGTAAAGACATAAGAGATCCGCGG ATCCCCGGGTCGAGCCTGAACGGCCTCGAGGCCTGAACGGCCTCGACGAATTCAT TATTTGTAGAGCTCATCCATGCCATGTGTAATCCCAGCAGCAGTTACAAACTCAAGA AGGACCATGTGGTCACGCTTTTCGTTGGGATCTTTCGAAAGGGCAGATTGTGTCGA CAGGTAATGGTTGTCTGGTAAAAGGACAGGGCCATCGCCAATTGGAGTATTTTGTTG ATAATGGTCTGCTAGTTGAACGGATCCATCTTCAATGTTGTGGCGAATTTTGAAGTTA GCTTTGATTCCATTCTTTTGTTTGTCTGCCGTGATGTATACATTGTGTGAGTTATAGT TGTACTCGAGTTTGTGTCCGAGAATGTTTCCATCTTCTTTAAAATCAATACCTTTTAAC TCGATACGATTAACAAGGGTATCACCTTCAAACTTGACTTCAGCACGCGTCTTGTAG TTCCCGTCATCTTTGAAAGATATAGTGCGTTCCTGTACATAACCTTCGGGCATGGCA CTCTTGAAAAAGTCATGCCGTTTCATATGATCCGGATAACGGGAAAAGCATTGAACA CCATAAGAGAAAGTAGTGACAAGTGTTGGCCATGGAACAGGTAGTTTTCCAGTAGTG CAAATAAATTTAAGGGTAAGCTGGCCCTGCAGGCCAAGCTTTGTTTTATATTTGTTGT AAAAAGTAGATAATTACTTCCTTGATGATCTGTAAAAAAGAGAAAAAGAAAGCATCTA AGAACTTGAAAAACTACGAATTAGAAAAGACCAAATATGTATTTCTTGCATTGACCAA TTTATGCAAGTTTATATATATGTAAATGTAAGTTTCACGAGGTTCTACTAAACTAAACC ACCCCCTTGGTTAGAAGAAAAGAGTGTGTGAGAACAGGCTGTTGTTGTCACACGATT CGGACAATTCTGTTTGAAAGAGAGAGAGTAACAGTACGATCGAACGAACTTTGCTCT GGAGATCACAGTGGGCATCATAGCATGTGGTACTAAACCCTTTCCCGCCATTCCAG AACCTTCGATTGCTTGTTACAAAACCTGTGAGCCGTCGCTAGGACCTTGTTGTGTGA CGAAATTGGAAGCTGCAATCAATAGGAAGACAGGAAGTCGAGCGTGTCTGGGTTTT TTCAGTTTTGTTCTTTTTGCAAACAAATCACGAGCGACGGTAATTTCTTTCTCGATAA GAGGCCACGTGCTTTATGAGGGTAACATCAATTCAAGAAGGAGGGAAACACTTCCTT TTTCTGGCCCTGATAATAGTATGAGGGTGAAGCCAAAATAAAGGATTCGCGCCCAAA TCGGCATCTTTAAATGCAGGTATGCGATAGTTCCTCACTCTTTCCTTACTCACGAGTA ATTCTTGCAAATGCCTATTATGCAGATGTTATAATATCTGTGCGTAGATCTGATATCC CTGCATGGCGCGCCTGATGAGCCTGAACTGCCCGGGCAAATCAG SEQ ID NO: 64 DNA sequence from vector pEVE27735 CTGATTTGCCCGGGCAGTTCAGGCTCATCAGGCGCGCCATGCAGGGATATCAGATC TACGCACAGATATTATAACATCTGCATAATAGGCATTTGCAAGAATTACTCGTGAGTA AGGAAAGAGTGAGGAACTATCGCATACCTGCATTTAAAGATGCCGATTTGGGCGCGA ATCCTTTATTTTGGCTTCACCCTCATACTATTATCAGGGCCAGAAAAAGGAAGTGTTT CCCTCCTTCTTGAATTGATGTTACCCTCATAAAGCACGTGGCCTCTTATCGAGAAAGA AATTACCGTCGCTCGTGATTTGTTTGCAAAAAGAACAAAACTGAAAAAACCCAGACAC GCTCGACTTCCTGTCTTCCTATTGATTGCAGCTTCCAATTTCGTCACACAACAAGGTC CTAGCGACGGCTCACAGGTTTTGTAACAAGCAATCGAAGGTTCTGGAATGGCGGGA AAGGGTTTAGTACCACATGCTATGATGCCCACTGTGATCTCCAGAGCAAAGTTCGTT CGATCGTACTGTTACTCTCTCTCTTTCAAACAGAATTGTCCGAATCGTGTGACAACAA CAGCCTGTTCTCACACACTCTTTTCTTCTAACCAAGGGGGTGGTTTAGTTTAGTAGAA CCTCGTGAAACTTACATTTACATATATATAAACTTGCATAAATTGGTCAATGCAAGAAA TACATATTTGGTCTTTTCTAATTCGTAGTTTTTCAAGTTCTTAGATGCTTTCTTTTTCTC TTTTTTACAGATCATCAAGGAAGTAATTATCTACTTTTTACAACAAATATAAAACAAAG CTTAAAATGAGAATGGAAGTCGTCTTGGTCGTTTTCTTGATGTTCATTGGTACTATCA ACTGCGAAAGATTGATCTTCAATGGTAGACCTTTGTTGCACAGAGTTACCAAAGAAGA AACCGTTATGTTGTACCACGAATTGGAAGTTGCTGCTTCTGCTGATGAAGTTTGGTCT GTTGAAGGTTCTCCAGAATTGGGTTTACATTTGCCAGATTTGTTGCCAGCTGGTATTT TTGCCAAGTTCGAAATTACTGGTGATGGTGGTGAAGGTTCCATTTTGGATATGACTTT TCCACCAGGTCAATTCCCACATCATTACAGAGAAAAGTTCGTCTTTTTCGACCACAAG AACAGATACAAGTTGGTCGAACAAATCGATGGTGATTTCTTCGATTTGGGTGTTACTT ACTACATGGACACCATTAGAGTTGTTGCTACTGGTCCAGATTCTTGCGTTATTAAGTC TACTACTGAATACCACGTCAAGCCAGAATTTGCTAAAATCGTTAAGCCATTGATCGAT ACCGTTCCATTGGCTATTATGTCTGAAGCTATTGCCAAGGTTGTCTTGGAAAACAAAC ACAAGTCATCTGAATGAAAGACTCCGCGGATCTCTTATGTCTTTACGATTTATAGTTTT CATTATCAAGTATGCCTATATTAGTATATAGCATCTTTAGATGACAGTGTTCGAAGTTT CACGAATAAAAGATAATATTCTACTTTTTGCTCCCACCGCGTTTGCTAGCACGAGTGA ACACCATCCCTCGCCTGTGAGTTGTACCCATTCCTCTAAACTGTAGACATGGTAGCTT CAGCAGTGTTCGTTATGTACGGCATCCTCCAACAAACAGTCGGTTATAGTTTGTCCTG CTCCTCTGAATCGTCTCCCTCGATATTTCTCATTTTCCTTCGCATGCCCATGGGTTAA CTGATCAATGCATCCTGCATGGCGCGCCTGATGAGCCTGAACTGCCCGGGCAAATC AGCTGGCGTAATAGCGAAGAGGCCCGCACCGATCGCCCTTCCCAACAGTTGCGCAG CCTGAATGGCGAATGGCGCGACGCGCCCTGTAGCGGCGCATTAAGCGCGGCGGGT GTGGTGGTTACGCGCAGCGTGACCGCTACACTTGCCAGCGCCCTAGCGCCCGCTCC TTTCGCTTTCTTCCCTTCCTTTCTCGCCACGTTCGCCGGCTTTCCCCGTCAAGCTCTA AATCGGGGGCTCCCTTTAGGGTTCCGATTTAGTGCTTTACGGCACCTCGACCCCAAA AAACTTGATTAGGGTGATGGTTCACGTAGTGGGCCATCGCCCTGATAGACGGTTTTT CGCCCTTTGACGTTGGAGTCCACGTTCTTTAATAGTGGACTCTTGTTCCAAACTGGAA CAACACTCAACCCTATCTCGGTCTATTCTTTTGATTTATAAGGGATTTTGCCGATTTCG GCCTATTGGTTAAAAAATGAGCTGATTTAACAAAAATTTAACGCGAATTTTAACAAAAT ATTAACGTTTACAATTTCCTGATGCGGTATTTTCTCCTTACGCATCTGTGCGGTATTTC ACACCGCATAGGGTAATAACTGATATAATTAAATTGAAGCTCTAATTTGTGAGTTTAGT ATACATGCATTTACTTATAATACAGTTTTTTAGTTTTGCTGGCCGCATCTTCTCAAATA TGCTTCCCAGCCTGCTTTTCTGTAACGTTCACCCTCTACCTTAGCATCCCTTCCCTTT GCAAATAGTCCTCTTCCAACAATAATAATGTCAGATCCTGTAGAGACCACATCATCCA CGGTTCTATACTGTTGACCCAATGCGTCTCCCTTGTCATCTAAACCCACACCGGGTG TCATAATCAACCAATCGTAACCTTCATCTCTTCCACCCATGTCTCTTTGAGCAATAAAG CCGATAACAAAATCTTTGTCGCTCTTCGCAATGTCAACAGTACCCTTAGTATATTCTC CAGTAGATAGGGAGCCCTTGCATGACAATTCTGCTAACATCAAAAGGCCTCTAGGTT CCTTTGTTACTTCTTCTGCCGCCTGCTTCAAACCGCTAACAATACCTGGGCCCACCA CACCGTGTGCATTCGTAATGTCTGCCCATTCTGCTATTCTGTATACACCCGCAGAGTA CTGCAATTTGACTGTATTACCAATGTCAGCAAATTTTCTGTCTTCGAAGAGTAAAAAAT TGTACTTGGCGGATAATGCCTTTAGCGGCTTAACTGTGCCCTCCATGGAAAAATCAG TCAAGATATCCACATGTGTTTTTAGTAAACAAATTTTGGGACCTAATGCTTCAACTAAC TCCAGTAATTCCTTGGTGGTACGAACATCCAATGAAGCACACAAGTTTGTTTGCTTTT CGTGCATGATATTAAATAGCTTGGCAGCAACAGGACTAGGATGAGTAGCAGCACGTT CCTTATATGTAGCTTTCGACATGATTTATCTTCGTTTCCTGCAGGTTTTTGTTCTGTGC AGTTGGGTTAAGAATACTGGGCAATTTCATGTTTCTTCAACACTACATATGCGTATATA TACCAATCTAAGTCTGTGCTCCTTCCTTCGTTCTTCCTTCTGTTCGGAGATTACCGAA TCAAAAAAATTTCAAAGAAACCGAAATCAAAAAAAAGAATAAAAAAAAAATGATGAATT GAATTGAAAAGCTGTGGTATGGTGCACTCTCAGTACAATCTGCTCTGATGCCGCATA GTTAAGCCAGCCCCGACACCCGCCAACACCCGCTGACGCGCCCTGACGGGCTTGTC TGCTCCCGGCATCCGCTTACAGACAAGCTGTGACCGTCTCCGGGAGCTGCATGTGT CAGAGGTTTTCACCGTCATCACCGAAACGCGCGAGACGAAAGGGCCTCGTGATACG CCTATTTTTATAGGTTAATGTCATGATAATAATGGTTTCTTAGGACGGATCGCTTGCCT GTAACTTACACGCGCCTCGTATCTTTTAATGATGGAATAATTTGGGAATTTACTCTGT GTTTATTTATTTTTATGTTTTGTATTTGGATTTTAGAAAGTAAATAAAGAAGGTAGAAGA GTTACGGAATGAAGAAAAAAAAATAAACAAAGGTTTAAAAAATTTCAACAAAAAGCGT ACTTTACATATATATTTATTAGACAAGAAAAGCAGATTAAATAGATATACATTCGATTAA CGATAAGTAAAATGTAAAATCACAGGATTTTCGTGTGTGGTCTTCTACACAGACAAGA TGAAACAATTCGGCATTAATACCTGAGAGCAGGAAGAGCAAGATAAAAGGTAGTATTT GTTGGCGATCCCCCTAGAGTCTTTTACATCTTCGGAAAACAAAAACTATTTTTTCTTTA ATTTCTTTTTTTACTTTCTATTTTTAATTTATATATTTATATTAAAAAATTTAAATTATAAT TATTTTTATAGCACGTGATGAAAAGGACCCAGGTGGCACTTTTCGGGGAAATGTGCG CGGAACCCCTATTTGTTTATTTTTCTAAATACATTCAAATATGTATCCGCTCATGAGAC AATAACCCTGATAAATGCTTCAATAATATTGAAAAAGGAAGAGTATGAGTATTCAACAT TTCCGTGTCGCCCTTATTCCCTTTTTTGCGGCATTTTGCCTTCCTGTTTTTGCTCACC CAGAAACGCTGGTGAAAGTAAAAGATGCTGAAGATCAGTTGGGTGCACGAGTGGGT TACATCGAACTGGATCTCAACAGCGGTAAGATCCTTGAGAGTTTTCGCCCCGAAGAA CGTTTTCCAATGATGAGCACTTTTAAAGTTCTGCTATGTGGCGCGGTATTATCCCGTA TTGACGCCGGGCAAGAGCAACTCGGTCGCCGCATACACTATTCTCAGAATGACTTGG TTGAGTACTCACCAGTCACAGAAAAGCATCTTACGGATGGCATGACAGTAAGAGAAT TATGCAGTGCTGCCATAACCATGAGTGATAACACTGCGGCCAACTTACTTCTGACAA CGATCGGAGGACCGAAGGAGCTAACCGCTTTTTTGCACAACATGGGGGATCATGTAA CTCGCCTTGATCGTTGGGAACCGGAGCTGAATGAAGCCATACCAAACGACGAGCGT GACACCACGATGCCTGTAGCAATGGCAACAACGTTGCGCAAACTATTAACTGGCGAA CTACTTACTCTAGCTTCCCGGCAACAATTAATAGACTGGATGGAGGCGGATAAAGTT GCAGGACCACTTCTGCGCTCGGCCCTTCCGGCTGGCTGGTTTATTGCTGATAAATCT GGAGCCGGTGAGCGTGGGTCTCGCGGTATCATTGCAGCACTGGGGCCAGATGGTA AGCCCTCCCGTATCGTAGTTATCTACACGACGGGGAGTCAGGCAACTATGGATGAAC GAAATAGACAGATCGCTGAGATAGGTGCCTCACTGATTAAGCATTGGTAACTGTCAG ACCAAGTTTACTCATATATACTTTAGATTGATTTAAAACTTCATTTTTAATTTAAAAGGA TCTAGGTGAAGATCCTTTTTGATAATCTCATGACCAAAATCCCTTAACGTGAGTTTTC GTTCCACTGAGCGTCAGACCCCGTAGAAAAGATCAAAGGATCTTCTTGAGATCCTTTT TTTCTGCGCGTAATCTGCTGCTTGCAAACAAAAAAACCACCGCTACCAGCGGTGGTT TGTTTGCCGGATCAAGAGCTACCAACTCTTTTTCCGAAGGTAACTGGCTTCAGCAGA GCGCAGATACCAAATACTGTCCTTCTAGTGTAGCCGTAGTTAGGCCACCACTTCAAG AACTCTGTAGCACCGCCTACATACCTCGCTCTGCTAATCCTGTTACCAGTGGCTGCT GCCAGTGGCGATAAGTCGTGTCTTACCGGGTTGGACTCAAGACGATAGTTACCGGAT AAGGCGCAGCGGTCGGGCTGAACGGGGGGTTCGTGCACACAGCCCAGCTTGGAGC GAACGACCTACACCGAACTGAGATACCTACAGCGTGAGCTATGAGAAAGCGCCACG CTTCCCGAAGGGAGAAAGGCGGACAGGTATCCGGTAAGCGGCAGGGTCGGAACAG GAGAGCGCACGAGGGAGCTTCCAGGGGGAAACGCCTGGTATCTTTATAGTCCTGTC GGGTTTCGCCACCTCTGACTTGAGCGTCGATTTTTGTGATGCTCGTCAGGGGGGCG GAGCCTATGGAAAAACGCCAGCAACGCGGCCTTTTTACGGTTCCTGGCCTTTTGCTG GCCTTTTGCTCACATGTTCTTTCCTGCGTTATCCCCTGATTCTGTGGATAACCGTATT ACCGCCTTTGAGTGAGCTGATACCGCTCGCCGCAGCCGAACGACCGAGCGCAGCG AGTCAGTGAGCGAGGAAGCGGAAGAGCGCCCAATACGCAAACCGCCTCTCCCCGC GCGTTGGCCGATTCATTAATGCAG

Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specific embodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications and variations are possible without departing from the scope of the invention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, although some aspects of the present invention are identified herein as particularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present invention is not necessarily limited to these particular aspects of the invention. 

1. A recombinant yeast cell capable of producing one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors, or both, comprising: (a) reduced or eliminated enzymatic activity of Genes de Respuesta a Estres 2 (GRE2) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7; and, optionally, (b) reduced or eliminated enzymatic activity of one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or other aldehyde reductases, or a combination thereof, wherein the activity of each of the enzymes in (a) and (b) is reduced or eliminated, and whereby the recombinant yeast cell is thereby capable of increased production of one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors, or both, than are produced in cells without reduced or eliminated activity said enzymes.
 2. The recombinant cell according to claim 1, wherein the cell produces one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors.
 3. The recombinant cell according to claim 1, wherein the cell produces (S)-reticuline.
 4. The recombinant cell according to claim 1, wherein the cell produces (S)-norcoclaurine.
 5. The recombinant cell according to claim 1, wherein GRE2 is encoded by a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 6. The recombinant cell according to claim 1, wherein GRE2 is encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 7. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or other aldehyde reductases, or combination thereof, is: Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 4 (ADH4) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 6 (ADH6) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 7 (ADH7) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD3) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD4) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, Butanediol dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35, Butanediol dehydrogenase 2 (BDH2) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:37, arabinose dehydrogenase ARA1 (ARA1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, glycerol dehydrogenase GCY1 (GCY1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase FOX2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:39, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase YPL088W comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:59, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57, Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GPD1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, HIS4 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47, NADP-specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDP1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51, homo-isocitrate dehyrogenase (LYS12) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53, Genes de Respuesta a Estres 3 (GRE3) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, aldehyde reductase YCR102C comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19, SER33 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55, aldehyde reductase YGL039W comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, aldehyde reductase YLR460C comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, aldehyde reductase YPR127W comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21, aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 (ALD6) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, GlyOxylate Reductase (GOR1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:43, 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGlutaryl-coenzyme a reductase (HMG1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 29, 31, 1, 3, 5, 25, 27, 35, 37, 61, 41, 39, 59, 57, 45, 47, 51, 53, 9, 19, 55, 17, 13, 21, 33, 43, or 49, and wherein the yeast cell comprises a native gene of the corresponding one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or other aldehyde reductases.
 8. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 7, wherein: ADH3 is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 30 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:30, ADH4 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:32 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:32, ADH5 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:2 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, ADH6 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:4 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, ADH7 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:6 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6, AAD3 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:26 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26, AAD4 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:28 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:28, BDH1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:36 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:36, BDH2 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:38 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:38, ARA1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:62 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, GCY1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:42 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase FOX2 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:40 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:40, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase YPL088W is encoded by SEQ ID NO:60 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:58 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:58, GPD1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:46 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46, HIS4 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:48 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48, IDP1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:52 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:52, LYS12 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:54 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:54, GRE3 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:10 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, aldehyde reductase YCR102C is encoded by SEQ ID NO:20 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:20, SER33 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:56 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:56, aldehyde reductase YGL039W is encoded by SEQ ID NO:18 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, aldehyde reductase YLR460C is encoded by SEQ ID NO:14 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14, aldehyde reductase YPR127W is encoded by SEQ ID NO:22 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, ALD6 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:34 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:34, GOR1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:44 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44, and HMG1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:50 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:50.
 9. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the recombinant yeast cell is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, or Yarrowia lipolytica.
 10. The recombinant yeast cell of claim 1, wherein the cell produces one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids selected from thebaine, morphine, neomorphine, hydrocodone, Codeine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, and Dihydromorphine.
 11. A method for producing of a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor, or both, comprising: (a) providing a recombinant yeast capable of producing one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloids or benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors, or both, that has reduced or eliminated enzymatic activity of Genes de Respuesta a Estres 2 (GRE2) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7; and, optionally, (ii) one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or other aldehyde reductases, or a combination thereof, (b) cultivating said recombinant yeast cell for a time sufficient for said recombinant yeast cell to produce a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid and/or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor; and, optionally, (c) isolating the benzylisoquinoline alkaloid and/or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor from said recombinant yeast cell or from the cultivation supernatant, thereby producing a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid and/or a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursor.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the recombinant yeast cell produces one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloid precursors.
 13. The method of claim 11, wherein the recombinant yeast cell produces (S)-reticuline.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein the recombinant yeast cell produces (S)-norcoclaurine.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein GRE2 is encoded by a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein GRE2 is encoded by the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:8.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or other aldehyde reductases, or combination thereof, is Alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:29, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 4 (ADH4) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 31, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 6 (ADH6) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:3, Alcohol Dehydrogenase 7 (ADH7) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:5, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD3) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:25, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase 3 (AAD4) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:27, Butanediol dehydrogenase 1 (BDH1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:35, Butanediol dehydrogenase 2 (BDH2) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:37, arabinose dehydrogenase ARA1 (ARA1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:61, glycerol dehydrogenase GCY1 (GCY1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:41, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase FOX2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:39, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase YPL088W comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:59, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:57, Glycerol-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (GPD1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:45, HIS4 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:47, NADP-specific Isocitrate Dehydrogenase (IDP1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:51, homo-isocitrate dehyrogenase (LYS12) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:53, Genes de Respuesta a Estres 3 (GRE3) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:9, aldehyde reductase YCR102C comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:19, SER33 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:55, aldehyde reductase YGL039W comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:17, aldehyde reductase YLR460C comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:13, aldehyde reductase YPR127W comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:21, aldehyde dehydrogenase 6 (ALD6) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:33, GlyOxylate Reductase (GOR1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:43, 3-Hydroxy-3-MethylGlutaryl-coenzyme a reductase (HMG1) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:49, or an amino acid sequence having at least 90% identity to SEQ ID NO: 29, 31, 1, 3, 5, 25, 27, 35, 37, 61, 41, 39, 59, 57, 45, 47, 51, 53, 9, 19, 55, 17, 13, 21, 33, 43, or 49, and wherein the yeast cell comprises a native gene of the corresponding one or more alcohol dehydrogenases or other aldehyde reductases.
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein: ADH3 is encoded by SEQ ID NO: 30 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:30, ADH4 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:32 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:32, ADH5 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:2 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:2, ADH6 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:4 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:4, ADH7 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:6 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:6, AAD3 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:26 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:26, AAD4 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:28 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:28, BDH1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:36 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:36, BDH2 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:38 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:38, ARA1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:62 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:62, GCY1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:42 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:42, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase FOX2 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:40 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:40, Aryl-alcohol Dehydrogenase YPL088W is encoded by SEQ ID NO:60 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:60, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ZWF1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:58 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:58, GPD1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:46 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:46, HIS4 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:48 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:48, IDP1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:52 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:52, LYS12 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:54 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:54, GRE3 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:10 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:10, aldehyde reductase YCR102C is encoded by SEQ ID NO:20 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:20, SER33 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:56 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:56, aldehyde reductase YGL039W is encoded by SEQ ID NO:18 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:18, aldehyde reductase YLR460C is encoded by SEQ ID NO:14 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:14, aldehyde reductase YPR127W is encoded by SEQ ID NO:22 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:22, ALD6 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:34 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:34, GOR1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:44 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:44, and HMG1 is encoded by SEQ ID NO:50 or a sequence sharing at least 90% sequence identity to the sequence of SEQ ID NO:50.
 19. The method of claim 10, wherein the recombinant yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, or Yarrowia lipolytica.
 20. The method of claim 10, wherein the recombinant yeast cell produces one or more benzylisoquinoline alkaloid selected from thebaine, morphine, neomorphine, hydrocodone, Codeine, Oxycodone, Oxymorphone, and Dihydromorphine. 